Human Rights

Human rights involve political, civil, cultural, social, economic, and other collective rights. They are considered inherent rights of all individuals and are similarly applicable to all of them regardless of their language, religion, color, ethnic or national origin, sex, place of residence, nationality, or status.  In order to protect and promote the fundamental freedoms and human rights of groups and individuals, international human rights law laid down a number of obligations for nations to follow indispensably or refrain from. These obligations are guaranteed and expressed by law in the forms of general principles, customary international law, treaties and other sources of international law. However, because of the clashing cultures that have come to characterize the present time, universal human rights must be carefully but strongly applied in this culturally diverse world.

Universal Aspects of Human Rights
The universal aspects of human rights are considered the foundation of international human rights law. These universal aspects have been emphasized and reiterated in many international human rights resolutions, declarations, and conventions throughout the years. In these international agreements, universal human rights are acknowledged as rights and obligations, universal and inalienable, interdependent and indivisible, as well as equal and non-discriminatory. In addition, all of these aspects are considered indivisible, interdependent, and interrelated.

Interdependent and Indivisible
Human rights are indivisible, interdependent, co-equal, and interrelatedwhether they are political rights, civil rights, cultural rights, social rights, economic rights, or collective rights (name of director, date of release of the movie). Accordingly, the withdrawal of one right can negatively affect the others, while the enhancement of one right can assist improvement of the others. Therefore, human beings can only live in dignity and decency if all these rights are completely guaranteed to them.

Universal and Inalienable
Human rights are considered as inalienable and the birthright of all human beings. Accordingly, human rights should not be taken away, except in certain distinct situations and only in keeping with due process. The inalienability and universality of human rights compels nations to protect and promote all fundamental freedoms and human rights of their constituents, regardless of the nations cultural, economic and political systems.

Equal and Non-Discriminatory
The equal and non-discriminatory aspects make the human rights and freedoms applicable to all people and prohibit discrimination on the basis of language, religion, color, ethnic or national origin, sex, place of residence, nationality, or status. The United Nation family, national human rights organizations, civil societies, etc. all regard the elimination of violations of these aspects as an obligation of the highest order (name of director, date of release). In fact, because of their significance, the aspects of equality and non-discriminatory are placed in the first Article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which explains that every human being is born free and equal in rights as well as self-worth.

Both Rights and Obligations
Under international law, nations are imposed with the duties and obligations to fulfill, protect, and respect human rights. Accordingly, governments must refrain from curtailing the human rights of their constituents, protect them from any form of abuses, and perform positive actions to help them enjoy such rights (name of director, date of release). In addition, while humans are entitled to their human rights, they are all the same obligated by law to respect the human rights of others.

Culturally Specific Aspects
Culturally specific aspects of human rights assert that human rights are far from being collective seeing that human rights can vary significantly in accordance with different cultural viewpoints (name of director, date of release). In other words, human rights can be considered as culturally relative instead of universal. Cultural traditions may regard the imposition of human rights as non-obligatory or alienable, divisible, and discriminatory. Thus, culturally specific aspects can pose dangerous threats to the effectiveness of international system of human rights as nations applying them can legitimize widespread violation, abuse, and disregard of human rights.

Existence of Differences
One of the aspects of universal human rights is that it must be sufficiently flexible to protect and respect the cultural integrity and diversity of nations. In order to be relevant to diverse cultures, universal human rights place minimum standards to cultural rights. This structure provides every nation a room to apply cultural differentiation without compromising or diluting the minimum standards of human rights recognized by law. Therefore, although universal human rights do not enforce a particular cultural standard, and human beings have the right to culture, such rights and standard are not unlimited and entirely undefined. This is the reason why universal human rights and culturally specific human rights are co-existing, and why human rights are appreciated and valued differently.

Conclusion
Human rights are considered inherent rights of all individuals regardless of their language, religion, color, ethnic or national origin, sex, place of residence, nationality, or status.  In numerous international agreements, universal human rights are acknowledged as rights and obligations, universal and inalienable, interdependent and indivisible, as well as equal and non-discriminatory. However, the culturally specific aspects of human rights provide assumptions that human rights are far from being common as human rights can vary significantly in accordance with different cultural outlooks. All the same, although universal human rights do not enforce a particular cultural standard, and human beings have the right to culture, such rights and standard are not unlimited and undefined. Universal human rights law established and incorporated minimum standards to cultural rights, thus giving nations a room to apply cultural deviation without compromising or diluting the minimum standards of human rights recognized by law. Therefore, despite the clashing cultures that have come to characterize the present time, universal human rights can still exist in this culturally diverse world.

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