Political Science

The period between American Revolutionary War and ratification of the Constitution and subsequent passing of the American Bill of Rights was a time that formed political philosophies of a newborn nation. These philosophies originated from sharp debates of the Founding Fathers, whose personal views and ideas became views and ideas of America. The famous dispute of Federalists and Anti-Federalists was combined with less-known confrontations inside these two political camps. This paper discusses one of those controversies namely the controversy between John Marshall and Thomas Jefferson with regard to division of authorities between states and federal government, the construction of the Constitution, the national bank and other issues, which later marked the difference between Federalists and Republicans. The paper argues that political philosophies of Marshall and Jefferson to a great extent originated from their general intellectual background as well as living experience they shared.

The roots of a political philosophy of a particular individual (including such prominent individuals as Marshall and Jefferson) can be found in his living experience. This experience was very different for Marshall and Jefferson. As noted by Smith, the biographies of American revolutionists were somehow similar and the ancestral parallel between John Marshall and Thomas Jefferson is especially striking (Smith, 1998). However, Jefferson spent his early years in scholastic studies, while Marshall lived in an uninhabited borderland which provided few opportunities for study and many opportunities for work and risk. This was the beginning of Jefferson as theorist of ideal state and Marshall as practitioner of nation-building.

Later the paths Marshall and Jefferson crossed each other during Revolutionary War and later when they together worked over constitutional projects and finally when Jefferson served as President while Marshall was a Chief Justice. At that Jefferson showed himself as idealist attempting to apply the ideas of European Enlightenment on the American soil. Those ideas, which Jefferson learned during his schools, were accepted as basis for the American Constitution. In contrast, Marshalls approach was very pragmatic. Jefferson cared of the remote prospective, while Marshall worked to resolve current problems.

This strange mixture of controversy and complementarity is notable in their view of powers to interpret Constitution.  In Marbury vs. Madison (1804), Chief Justice John Marshall found that the Supreme Court should have an authority to determine the constitutionality of laws which came before the court. As long as the judges deal with application of laws, they necessarily need to expound and interpret those laws. In this case Marshall created a simple logical construction a Constitution is a superior act which cannot be voided. In the case of conflict between a law and the Constitution courts always have to support the Constitution. In case a judge is unable to determine whether a law is constitutional or not, he will not be able to effectively protect the Constitution. Thus, the Supreme Court should have an authority to determine the constitutionality of laws. This is a matter of law enforcement, not legislature. As Marshall put it, the judicial power of the United States is extended to all cases arising under the Constitution, so it would be impossible to judge those cases without interpretation of the Constitution.

Jeffersons counterargument to this Marshalls position can be found in his letter to Spencer Roane. At his opinion, by this ruling Marshall assigned an exclusive right of Constitution interpretation to the Supreme Court thus undermining the checks and balances principle. The Constitution turns out to be a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary, which they may twist and shape into any form they please (Ellis, 1998). The alternative Jeffersons solution was to make each authority truly independent, providing each branch with power to determine the meaning of the Constitution. This Jeffersons position caused Mayer to label Jefferson as utopian idealist (Mayer, 2008). 

Another issue which demonstrates the difference of Marshalls and Jeffersons philosophy in relief is their debate concerning division of authority between the central government and the states including the one concerning banking and finance. On the one hand, both Marshall and Jefferson advocated creation of a strong army and navy guided by the central government. Their position was revealed after the famous XYZ Affair, so the central government would obtain stronger powers granted by military power and matters of common self-defense would fall under its exclusive jurisdiction. On the other hand, as for the peaceful matters, Marshall and Jefferson opposed each other in cases like McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821). The latter case concerns both division of powers between states and division of authority between branches of central power. Marshalls position in the case was that the Supreme Court can act as a court of appeals revising the judgments of state courts in the cases where constitutional rights have been violated (Smith, 1998).

Yet another mighty Marshalls strike at Jeffersons ideals was his judgment in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). Considering the rights of central bank to operate in the states Marshall determined two important principles 1. The Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitutions express powers, in order to create a functional national government 2. State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government (Smith, 1998). The words implied powers should be noted here. In fact, Marshall used his own interpretation of the Constitution by asserting that something can be implied in it without direct wording. This implication, under Marshalls opinion, granted more powers to the central government than to the states.

Commenting on these and other judgments judgment Jefferson could only melancholically note that the federal judiciary is advancing its noiseless step like a thief, over the field of jurisdiction, until all shall be usurped from the States, and the government of all shall be consolidated into one (Mayer, 2008). This reflects the fear of Jefferson as republican idealist that once the republic can turn into a tyranny, in case powers are centralized. In his letter to William Johnson Jefferson wrote the Chief Justice says, There must be an ultimate arbiter somewhere. True, there must but does that prove it is either party The ultimate arbiter is the people of the Union, assembled by their deputies in convention, at the call of Congress or of two-thirds of the States. Let them decide to which they mean to give an authority claimed by two of their organs (Ellis, 1998).

Ironically, the last sentence of this Jeffersons tirade concerned Marshall himself. Marshall was a man of the people to much greater extent than Jefferson was. Thus, Jeffersons utopian, idealistic, anti-capitalist and Jacobinic idea was broken by a person whose interests Jefferson was so willing to serve and who, in his common sense, preferred practice to idealism.

Roles and responsibilities in emergency management disaster from a first responders aspect

    Disaster management is one of the most crucial activities carried out by various departments and sectors in an organization. Disasters are of many types including with the most common being fire and various forms of accidents. Disasters are emergency issues requiring immediate attention from all the various sectors in a community. They may occur at any given time and at any place and these calls for alertness of disaster management team at all times. They can be as a result of act of man or an act of nature. Communication in times of disaster is one of the most crucial aspects of disaster management (Haddow, Bullock  Coppola, 2007).

    Disaster management involves a number of players including hospital, communities, fire fighters and the police. Preparedness of these groups is essential in emergency management. During emergencies, first responders are the main group that attends to an emergency case. First responders are composed on law enforcement agencies including the police, emergency medical technicians, fire fighters and the voluntary helpers from communities where an emergency occurs. First responders have various responsibilities and roles to play during emergencies depending on their areas of specialization and the nature of the emergency (Pinkowski, 2008).

    The main role of law enforcers is to keep curious public at bay to enable emergency personnel carry out their work with little disruption. Emergencies usually result in injuries and the number of injuries may increase if the public is not controlled. The role of law enforcers is to ensure that other first responders have sufficient space to carry out their duties. They may also help out other first responders in evacuating individuals deemed to be in danger as a result of the emergency. Law enforcers also alert the public in case there is more anticipated emergency situation. They help in evacuating people from buildings and warning people to keep off from emergency or anticipated emergency areas (Rasey, n. d).

    Firefighters role and responsibility is to put off fire in case an emergency concerns fire outbreak. Upon receipt of information concerning fire outbreak, the firefighters must ensure that they do all they can to put out the fire to ensure that the damage caused is mitigated. Before the firefighters gets into the scene, voluntary first responders from an area of emergency usually carry out this role as they await the firefighters. Firefighters role and responsibility arises if the emergency involves fire (Hafen, 1990).

    Emergency medical technicians are the third category of first responders. The main role of this response team is to offer first aid services to victims of emergencies thus mitigating the number of deaths during an emergency. This group has ambulances that immediately transport critically injured persons to the nearest hospital or health center upon giving them first aid for further observation and treatment. Apart from giving first aid services, the emergency medical technicians also help in evacuating injured persons from an emergence area. This may be done with the help of public volunteers (Toews, n. d).

    From the perspective of a first responder, the main duty and responsibility is to ensure that as many people are rescued during emergencies and thus mitigating the number of death. It is also the duty of a first responder to ensure that those exposed to further danger are evacuated immediately and that already injured persons are given first aid and subsequently transferred to a hospital or health center for further observation. The role of first responders in not to actually treat the injured persons but to ensure that they are removed from danger zones and taken to places they can obtain further medical help. Though during the process of saving life first responders may mitigate the loss of property, this is not their main duty or responsibility. Their role and responsibility is to save as many lives as they can (Hafen, 1990).

    Communication is also another important aspect in emergency or disaster management for a first responder. One of major causes of failure of disaster management is poor and ineffective communication avenues. Communication is quite essential during communication as this aid in easier coordination. In emergency cases, all first responders do not arrive at the same time. Usually, community or public volunteers are the first to arrive at the scene. It is the duty of such first responders to notify other relevant responders of the incident and to do so immediately giving all the details of the incident or accident and its location. It is also the role of first responders to carry out any activity that may help in mitigating the injuries and helping injured persons to safety (Hafen, 1990).

    First responders also have a responsibility of taking all the necessary precautions to protect themselves from any injuries that may befall them while attending to an emergency. While undertaking the role of helping the injured persons from emergency areas, first responders should not engage in unnecessary risks which may jeopardize their lives or their safety. First responders have a role of protecting themselves and taking all the necessary precautions while attending emergency cases. They should not sacrifice their lives for the lives of those in danger (Haddow, Bullock  Coppola, 2007).

A perspective comparing the labor union in the 21st century has shown that all worlds best for the workers is basically coordinated bargaining at countrys level or national level and relevant rank engagement in the lower local levels. Though the fruits from the coordinated bargaining and national are not being realistic in the United States foreseeable future, the labor movement should once again become a social movement. In general for an organized labor to take on the critical roles effectively as the countervailing and strategic powers in the American political arena there must be put in place a number of facts internal democratization, intensified and improved organizing within the unions, increased lobbying and electoral clout not forgetting the social movement labor unions mobilizing with others (Beachler pp. 120 ) The reduction in the number of participants in the labor union has drastically reduced, the unions therefore have the mandate to solicit for more members at the global market to impart their influence. In the 21st century the union should gain benefits from representing the workers where necessary, bargain for them especially in the legal space and political spaces and get recognition for the workers. (Beachler pp. 210)

    The AFL-CIO (America Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrialization Organizations) and the Change to Win Federation have absorbed almost all the United States labor unions in this century. This is because the two organizations advocate legislation and the policies which favor the employee both in US and Canada they also partly take active political roles favoring the Democratic Party. The global trade issues are especially checked on by the AFC-CIO.

    One factor causing the collapse of the unions is the high cost of the labor agreements, health and the pension plans. NLRA (National Labor Relations Board) regulates the unions in the private sectors while the public sectors are regulated by the federal and the state regulations.

    A university research in the early 1980s revealed that the workers lacked knowledge on the significant labor legislation issues and other important contemporary issues at the work place. Some bodies and educational institutions have been put in place to combat the illiteracy in such labor issues, the Harvard Trade Union Program founded in the year 1942 by professor john Dunlop at the Harvard University is a labor program dealing in employee training on such labor issues. This body is also a part of Harvard Law School Program called Labor and Work life Program dealing in a number employment and labor issues from the union investments funds on pension to the cause effects of the nanotechnology on the workplace and on the labor markets. More of such institutions should be established as the currently available labor educational facilities are not enough to educate all the available labor in the market. As long as the labor remains unaware of their rights and their day today contemporary workplace issues, the union will always remain paralyzed in solving these labor problems effectively.

    The current world is under globalization, there are a number of challenges the labor unions face that comes with the globalization. Globalization is believed to have led to the decline in the labor union density which demands on other factors like workplace access and the bargain centralization. Despite the challenges posing to the unions due to globalization, (i.e. the actual effect of integration of market in the density of the union workers) the unions have invested in a number of strategies to reduce the globalization agenda limits and take to international context the labor regulations. An eminent example is the Labor group oppositions to free the initiatives of trade like the DR-CAFTA (Dominica Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement) and the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). The unions opposed the NAFTA in the 1990s, this contributed to the unions reduced influence on the labor standards debate they fuelled the NAFTAs rejection at the Congress. (Beachler pp. 33, 200)

    To combat globalization effects, the unions have sorted to penetrate the world borders, the unions organize basically across the borders which has been promoted by change in technology. Garin  Molyneux pp. 230) Though their global solidarity effect is to their international interests, it is not wise that globalized union strategies meet and solve the challenges from the globalized production, it is evident that international labor is weak. Local labor union strategies can effectively interrupt and solve the global production in better ways that were not possible before advent of integration of widespread market. Therefore the best strategy to meet the globalization in this case is to reduce or abolish unions from organizationally connecting with other unions around the world to change the transnational corporation behavior.

    The labor union membership and inclusion in politics called preconditions in the name of employee participation for emancipation. The union elections are always a routine though they are never contested. The best salient explanation to unions political stimulation is educational activities and recruitment of voters. During the membership meetings and the labor rallies the unions conducts drive for voters registration. At the labor regional levels the unions pull resources to operate canvas precincts, telephone banks neighborhoods and leaflet worksites and getting out the vote through organizing ride-sharing services. A major aims of information campaigns is differentiating the contesting candidates along issues. The informational barrage increases before the elections with voter records dissemination, biographies and the position of candidate.  The voting theories reveal that it is more likely that citizens vote when they perceive important differing facts between candidates or the available political parties. Above that the unions become handy in persuasion because they are more familiar with the members. Though these activities affect members and former union members, this persuasion may significantly spill over to friends, relatives and the kinships. To study the relationship existing between voter turnout and law one used model includes indicators of the state level on right to work factoring out state level determinants remaining like the state policy like voter eligibility and voting methods the state uses to tabulate the outcomes of the votes.

    Labor relations to industrial shows union affiliation lower rates. Scholars have indicated that organized labor only plays a minor role in the robust political field and democracy. This reluctance in connection of the democracy in economics applauded by scholars in the industrial relations field to political democracy may come from the allusion that unions bring their own rules for suppressing dissident members while protecting the governing group (Beachler pp. 113-116) According to Lipset, there is a close resemblance of labor unions to one-party states more than is done democratic organizations together turnover in office and legitimate oppositions. Most of the employees never elect into the union membership but hired into the settings of the unionization where they have no choice but to conform to the conditions and terms negotiated by the union leaders. These are therefore rather manipulation instead of worker empowerment flawed operations in the unions, imposed coercions marginalization to political democratization system. (Beachler pp. 103)

North and South Korea
Definition of terms.
Parallel structure - The term parallel structure is commonly used by writers in describing similar ideas which have been presented or expressed in similar ways.

Workers Party of Korea  The Workers Party of Korea which is also referred to as Korean Workers party normally abbreviated as (KWP) is the leading ruling party in the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea. Since its foundation it has been the only ruling party in DPRK.

Songun -  Otherwise spelled as Son gun  is a term used to refer to the North Koreas  policy Known as the  Military First Policy which generally gives the Koreans Peoples Army the very first priority in state affairs and especially in the allocation of  various national resources to the army.

Chuche- is an ideology perceived as the basic cornerstone for any party construction, government operations and party works. Chuche is also perceived as a the monolithic or rather the unitary ideology of the party. The chuche ideology was for the very first time proclaimed in December 1955 as a move to inspire national identity, pride and in order to mold consciousness basically into a potentially strong powerful focus, specifically for internal solidarity centered towards KWP.

Command economy  This is type of an economy in which forces of supply and price of commodities and services is regulated from a central point by the government rather than the existence of market forces. In this case government planners and policy makers sit down to decide what services or products are produced and how do they get distributed.

Commissar  Is a term used to describe a person who has the ability and heshe tries to control public opinion. It is a term commonly used in the communist party to refer to an official in charge political enforcement of party loyalty and indoctrination.

National Defense commission- The National Defense Commission of North Korea otherwise abbreviated as (NDC) is the very highest managing and guiding organ of military matters as defined by the 1998 constitution. NDCs chairman is the chief controller of all the armed forces especially in states where the military predominates. This is the most powerful influential position in the country currently chaired by Kim Jong guiding  II.

Kaesong  Was the former capital city of Korea during the reign of Koryo Dynasty and situated in the North Hwangghae province inclined on the southern hemisphere of North Korea.

Panmunjom  This is a village in Gyeonggi province which lies between the southern and northern border of Korea, where the armistice which halted the Korean War, way back in the year 1953 was signed.

One  among  the most basic  factors which contributed to North Koreans economic downfall was the great reliance on a command economy which lead to inward- looking development which was demonstrated all over in policies of foreign trade, domestic industrial development, foreign capital and in other different forms of international economic development and cooperation (Kyung- Won, 2005). The system of governance characterized by command on economy was too rigid on its policies based on supply of products and services and more so setting of prices.  Rigidity in setting up solid economic policies to favor economic eruption and growth both internationally and domestically was one of the most crucial factors which saw North Koreans economic downfall.

Consequently, such government policies based on establishing and creating economic self sufficiency in North Korea led to its increased isolation and alienation from the rest of the world. As a result its industrial structure and development did not achieve to reflect its international competitiveness, which also shielded the domestic firms from international markets as well as reducing domestic competition (Kyung- Won, 2005). All these factors culminated to chronic inefficiency, limited product diversity, and poor quality production and under utilization of plants. Such kind of protectionist reduced the market space for Korean producers which prevented  limited local producers from achieving the advantage of economies of scale. 

There is significant similarities  between North Koreans economic down fall to that of South Korea vis a- vis that  of Asia. The experience of South Korea was similarly like that of North Korea. Both Experiences in the two hemispheres were characterized by changes in regime across the Korean peninsula thus, replacing the colonial governments which led to changes in policies and leadership (Kyung- Won, 2005). In the southern hemisphere the U.S military took leadership while communist Russia took leadership on the other end. In southern Korea the government established stimulative economic policies which accelerated and promoted growth of indigenous firms while at the same time, it erected stiff tariffs and prohibitions on manufacturing imports. These policies were designed to protect the domestic firms and offer them a change to improve their productivity (Kyung- Won, 2005). These policies formed the background for the collapse of the every first Republican in South Korea in April 1960.

In Asia consequently, despite  its financial crisis in 1997, it was stuck by a similar experience like that of  northern Korea Characterized by change in regime when Thai government floated the baht at the same time pegging down the United States Dollar , after a long period of exhaustive support during severe financial overextension by United States . This change in need characterized the Asians economic meltdown.

After a long period of economic downfall North Korea began gaining stability and sustainability after the postcolonial decades leading to rapid economic proliferation and integration. This again came with rapid economic growth and nuclear weapon innovations which popularized the country to the world super powers, and stimulated United State interests towards establishing diplomatic alliances with the country (Lee, 2007).

Having sprout up with strong nuclear proliferations, United States perceives the Republic of Korea and the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (North Korea) as a threat to its security. In order to reduce this tension it should engage in diplomatic arrangements with Korea in order to take control over the massive nuclear production for the benefits of its security. Additionally, basing ideas on the notion that the DPRK is a centralist state characterized by specific goals of self- reliance and independence known as Juche U.S continues to feel that giving North Korea chance to run its affairs independently with the advent of nuclear power would be creating room for its self destruction (Jasper, 2005). Thus, to counter down any unprecedented occurrences United States should channel its efforts towards establishing sound diplomatic retaliations with North Korea.

The above question can be addressed effectively by considering the milestones that have been made by American workers since the formation of a nation independent of the British crown. The successful Revolution in 1783 marked an important stage in the workers involvement in politics (Kim 1998, p.2). The establishment of a democratic republic motivated workers to actively push for the amendment in the constitution which guaranteed their fundamental freedoms and right. This was the first step in their active involvement in politics. However, not all issues that affected the working population were resolved. The unresolved issues formed a common basis for the formation of workers parties in various north-east cities during the 1829-1830 (Commons 1918, p.23). They also formed ground for workers strike in the 1830-s during the Industrial Revolution of the late 19th century and early 20th century, some of these issues provided for the formation of labor movement which not only advocated for the rights of workers on the job but also in the political realm.

    The problem of workers which was basically social demanded social action for legislative solutions to be established (Yates, 2009). There were two key points that constituted the political agenda of labor. These were the right to vote and the institution of a democratic society. Other key points included the right to a fair wage, the right to safety in the workplace, the right to dignity and respect by employers, the right to form associations and impartial treatment of all workers regardless of age, race, religion or gender. As it stands today, labor has made considerable political gains in these areas. The most notable ones were gained during the 1830s when the property qualifications on the right to vote was abolished and in 1965 when Voting Rights Act was passed as a result of pressure from labor.

    The above instances are a clear indication that labor is remarkable movement in pushing for political agenda. This entirely rests on the fact that a large percentage of the population comprises of workers. As such, labor has influenced the politics of the United States in the past seven decades in a major way. However, there is no unity among union workers in their political choices. According to Donald Beachler, a considerable number of white union members vote for Republicans (Beachler, 2007, p.313-314). He argues that this is because Republicans hold similar views with the workers on majority of social issues. However, Joel Rodgers and Ruy Teixera (2000) noted that union households tend to vote for the Democratic Party more than the rest of the population. They also note that the proportion of unions is declining in the workforce.

    However, despite labors massive political force, the major question regards whether the United States need a labor party. As mentioned, labor has realized remarkable political achievement even though there are numerous issues that have not been resolved. The question of whether America needs a labor party rests on whether the existing political parties have supported the plight of workers. According to Beachler, politicians often seek to exploit issue cleavages within the electorate for political advantage. (Beachler, 2007, p.312)

However, little has been done to address the workers needs which are harmed by globalization. The existing political parties have not protected workers against the changing working environment. In this regard, the survival of workers in America can only be guaranteed by a strong labor party. For instance, Ginsberg and Shifter (1991) observe that Democratic Party has emerged to be a party of social liberals who are not interested in the plight of the working class since 1961 (in Beachler, 2007, p.312).

    Geoffrey Garin and Guy Molyneux report a survey which indicates that seventy five percent of Americans agree that there is need for unions to invest their resources in politics and legislation in order to counter the influence that corporations and special interests have (Garin and Molyneux 1998, p.114). They also report that more union members would vote for a candidate supported by national unions and AFL-CIO and whose position on issues in pro-union. The only way that labor can find such a candidate is by forming a strong labor party and nominating a candidate of their own. The two major political parties in the United States, the Republican and Democratic parties, appear to have served the interest of the employers. Yates argues that democrats are dangerous to workers since they do not have a reputation for being friends of labor (Yates 2009, p.102). The Republican Party on the other hand does the bidding for employers once they are in office (ibid, p.103). As such, Yates argues that there is need for labor to develop its own independent politics which is strong regardless of the policies being furthered by either democrats or republicans.

    When seen from the perspective of workers, America indeed requires a labor party. The strategies that have been adopted by unions to champion the cause of workers have not often been supported by union members since they see unions to be pursuing insider strategy of attempting to gain influence through cultivating relations with particular candidates (Garin  Molyneux 1998, p.114). The general perception of members is that the political system is marred with corruption and general hostility to workers interests. This shows less interest in these strategies and thus needs an approach to political action that offers workers a voice in political debate. The current system obviously excludes them. It is also important to note that a great percentage of American population is composed of workers and their rights need to be seriously considered. Following the fact that democrats and republicans have their own interest, a third political party would result in a more engaged electorate and rigorous debate than the one that has been seen with two political parties.

Labors best strategies and tactics in todays political system
    There is a wide recognition that labor movement is not as strong politically as it was some decades ago. Unions have recognized that there is need to shift strategy for labor movements to have any significant influence on politics. The reduced influence of labor movement on politics is seen in its failure to get Al Gore elected to office in 2000 despite its mobilization effort (Clark 1998, p.52). Considerable challenges have also been posed to labor union with the current two party systems. Workers have especially been used by politicians who exploit issue cleavages for political advantage. It has also been observed that these parties have not done much to address the workers needs in the face of changing economic times. The democrats have particularly become a party of social liberals who are not primarily focused on working class issues (Ginsberg and Shefter 1991, p.89). The two parties have both allied themselves and serve the interest of employers (Yates 2009, p.102). In other words, the two parties are dangerous to workers.

    In line of the above concerns, there have been calls for labor to adopt strategies and tactics that may necessitate their survival in the current political system. There have even been calls for the establishment of an independent politics for it to revitalize its cause. In reaction to the above concerns and motivated by calls for an independent politics, labor has adopted various strategies. This paper will explore some of these strategies and tactics that have been adopted by this movement in order to establish more political influence for the sake of channeling its cause.

    There is wide recognition that unions need to invest their resources in politics and legislation if they are to counter the influence that corporations and wealthy special interests have (Garin and Molyneux 1998, p.114). Union members concur that the political engagement of the union is important since it is their responsibility to protect the rights of the workers and offer them a seat in political negotiations. Even though this need to strengthen the political position of labor is almost universal, the effectiveness of the political action programs advanced by the unions has raised concerns among the members. For the strategies to be effective, the members particularly acknowledge that they must be about them and their needs, and that political action must focus on member involvement and their enlightenment.

    The labor strategies and tactics have focused on these basic goals. This is because members have demanded more political information from their union. It is due to members who have recognized that knowledge is power and more information implies more informed choices. The response of unions has been to provide more information to workers. They have also conducted their politics in ways that include and empower their members (Garin  Molyneux, 1998, p.115). The unions have also ensured that members interest is at the heart of their decision-making. As such, labor has adopted strategies and tactics that are focused on addressing the desires and concerns expressed by members. They have adopted a model of labor politics based on the fundamental principles of empowering and educating working people.

    Labor has constructed their political action programs on issues. According to Garin and Molyneux (1998), issues should precede candidates and parties. Unions have increasingly informed their members on issues that they believe are important to the members and why they think these issues are important. This will invariably strengthen the political stake of unions since members are likely to speak with a single voice. The decreased political influence of labor has been attributed to low levels of knowledge on important issues. As such, sustained education has also been identified as important. Members have acknowledged that there is no way they can keep track of developments within the political and legislative realm. They also recognize that unions possess the expertise and resources to keep track of issues and make judgments in a way that the members cannot (Garin  Molyneux 1998, p. 116).

    Unions have also adopted an approach in which the concerns of specific audiences are addressed instead of relying on an umbrella approach. They have managed to approach their members through the various modern communication media. This approach has especially proven to be effective. They have categorized their members and provided relevant information for each particular group. Labor has recognized that addressing broad concerns of workers may result in the most powerful mobilizing issues being ignored (Bobson 1999, p.121). As such, remarkable results have been realized through the adoption of a more targeted approach.

    The above strategies have the potential of strengthening unions, reengaging members in politics. It will not only revitalize labors political action but also reshape American politics. These approaches have been adopted by unions as a way of reasserting their political influence. Since the adoption of these strategies and tactics, the rate of member turn-out and voting for pro-union candidates has improved remarkably. There is yet much that can be achieved by labor movement in their pursuance and adoption of strategies and tactics founded on the basic principles of empowering and informing their members. Labor has thus recognized that it can only offer working Americans a real political voice through adopting strategies that put their members on the main focus in their political advocacy.

Industrial revolution refers to the drastic changes that took place within the industries which was seen as one of the significant periods in the industry. For many years it has been debated as to whether industrial revolution was of any significant impact and whether the changes were negative or positive. This discussion looks at the changes that came about as result of the industrial revolution and who benefited as a result and also which group of people suffered as result of the revolution.
Prior to industrialization pretty much of life was local in many parts of the world. Traveling from one place to another was not only seen to be expensive but also dangerous as the roads were neglected having been built by unskilled workers However with the coming in of industrialization the road networks were improved to ensure easy transit of goods that were manufactured from one destination to another. Despite the restructuring of road networks mass transportation was still not possible and for this reason landowners to come up with canals which were seen to be more reliable as they less expensive as compared to the roads.

The improvement of transport opened up cheaper means of traveling thus reducing the costs incurred in transport. Some of the ventures that were once considered non profitable became profitable as the transport costs were greatly reduced. However with the many benefits of industrialization also came some problems. Workers were forced to move from their native places to look for work in areas where the cost of production was not as high. This resulted to workers settling low employments and migration of human beings.

The agriculture sector also benefited from the developments of the industries. Prior to industrialization people could only practice subsistence farming. However with industrialization came mechanized farming which helped increase the yields some of which were sold. It was also with the coming of industrialization that practices like crop rotation began. Selective breeding was an important aspect of industrialization which saw new breeds of animals coming into be. Choice of crops was also important during this period. Some crops were seen to do well in particular areas than others. Again due to importation of crops value of some of them decreased at a rapid rate as their demand was low.

With the coming of industrialization there was also a bit of suffering. People lost their jobs since the people who were required were the skilled ones who are able to operate machines. The unskilled people were left without unemployment and thus they lost their source of living.

     In conclusion, industrialization brought about both benefits and sufferings especially both in ancient and modern age. The changes brought by industrialization were complex and had various looks (multifaceted). Making blanket statement as far as these changes are concerned would be erroneous. The whole concept of industrialization is complex as one group benefited from the changes while another suffered.

The ability of President Barrack Obama to maintain his earlier promises concerning gay rights presents him as a consistent leader and facilitates greater social justice for all critical issues for improving the United States image while promoting national development.  Supporting gay rights in todays society brings out the concern of the president with the minority groups and depicts his broad outlook as a democratic leader, who does his best for the sake of the country.  Notably, the presidents support for gay rights can be traced back to his time as the Illinois Senator, when he emphasized on building bridges as the main platform for promoting identity and generating commitment to the states agenda. Adler concurs with political analyst that it is partly out of this consideration that President Barrack Obama received overwhelming support across the nation (Adler, 2009). This paper critically examines the presidents initiatives, the limits and obstacles and assesses his achievements in support for gay rights.

Initiatives by the president concerning gay rights
    Initiatives introduced by the president after assuming office following his victory in the presidential general election in 2007 have further anchored his support for equal rights to all people in the United States. To begin with, the president named Pope Basher, a gay rights activist to the federal government, as a key advisor on issues related to gay rights (Fred, 2009). This initiative came as religious factions heightened their call for people to follow the religious teachings of heterosexuality in the society. The initiative regarding gay rights was seen as a critical message to the nation and the globe too.

    Adam explains that the President Obama further supports implementation of the Employment Non Discrimination Act and emphasized that it should be further expanded to envisage sexual identity (Adam, 2009). Over the last decade, gay people in the society were greatly discriminated for lack of holistic laws in all states. Currently, Sherly indicates that it is only five states that recognize gay rights (Sherly, 2009). As a result, this commitment will be critical in promoting their independence and, indeed, a contribution towards growth and development of the country.

    The president has further initiated a process to remove the highly discriminative policy of dont ask, dont tell in the army (Terry, 2009). The policy employed in the military forces should be based on holistic commitment, sense of duty and individual patriotism as opposed to discrimination. While separating sexuality from the military forces during their operations, this law will further provide the needed image in the military.

    Gay rights initiatives being implemented have had key support from the democrats, who have been very crucial in facilitation of their analysis and implementation. Adam reports that Vice President Joe Biden is working with the president to reinvigorate enforcement of the Mathew Shepherded Act (Adam, 2009).    

Limits and obstacles to executing gay rights authority
    Notably, since President Barrack Obama came to power, his enthusiasm towards fostering gay rights in the nation has been indicated to take a downward shift compared to the time before his election. Adler indicates that this has been due to the key obstacles on his way toward implementing the same powers and legislations (Adler, 2009). While this slow pace has seen great pressure mount on the president, Terry indicates that he is partially arm tied by the congress which must pass different bills before he can ascertain them into law (Terry, 2009). By May 2009, key gay rights bills still remained stalled in the Congress.   

While expressing their freedom of speech in the country, the media and special interest groups have sought to influence the outcome of the different laws relating to gay rights in the nation. To begin with, the media has taken a center stage in bringing to the public key facts and statistics relating to gay rights in the nation. While it is considered a critical tool in educating the public, Adam notes that it has been biased in focusing on key progress of different legislations and focused more on the negative side of the policy progression (Adam, 2009). This has been very critical in that it promotes the wrong perceptions to the community. Faith groups, such as the Catholics, have, on the other hand, strongly emphasized on the need for a religious community that is led by acting on religious teachings and considers gay people to be very immoral.

    While the need to address the problem of gay rights continue generating a major debate in the nation, lack of total support by all democrats harbors major concerns  over the presidents ability to address the problem. Besides, the Republicans are equally divided and the president will require marshal enough support if the rights are to be realized (Fred, 2009). While there appears to be no conflicts in the assimilated strategies, the reports at the grassroots suggest otherwise. With the federal government having enacted none of the national gay rights laws for all the states, the employed strategies are independent and present key conflicts with the local laws. Adler indicates that the independent application of federal gay rights in California has presented the federal government to have failed in its key responsibilities for providing the needed guidance (Adler, 2009).

Achievement and rating of the president
    Though the majority of people belonging to the gay community have indicated the reduced rating of the president towards his commitment in maintain the needed social justice for all, the same notion is indeed far fetched. His consistency has seen the gay community get greater focus at the senate and the national level. This has promoted greater awareness and holistic acceptance in the society. The presidents efforts are therefore well above average and only require greater support by the Congress and the civil society to fully integrate social justice to all gays in the community. Though his strategies are indeed right, they require to be further integrated to the society to gather greater support.

    In conclusion, the discussion represented in this paper supports the thesis statement that the ability of President Barrack Obama to maintain his earlier promises on gay rights presents him as a consistent leader and facilitates greater social justice for all which is very critical in improving the United States portrait while promoting national development. The presidential powers execution is critical in facilitating the countrys ability to assimilate social justice for all.  The initiatives established by the president are indeed very critical, but he must address the key obstacles if gay rights are to be felt fully in the United States. Finally, in concurrence with sociological analysts, leadership requires that all the stakeholders are effectively brought at the negotiating table where new issues are addressed. The president should therefore reach out to the minority groups more, update them constantly on the progress of the gay rights legislations, and incorporate their views at all levels of their development.