Political Science

About a year ago, the Obama Administration passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in February 2009.  This law entailed federal tax cuts, broadening of unemployment benefits, emphasis on domestic spending especially in the realm of education, health care and infrastructure in a bid to provide a stimulus package to help the ailing economy folowing the global financial crisis the Obama Administration  inherited  from the (outgoing) Bush Administration.  This was the current administrations attempt to revitalize the economy and at the same time rectify the errors of the practices of business and industry which led to this problem (Wolf, 2010).

A year after its passage, the White house is celebrating the headway that has been made by the law.  They proudly boasted that they helped save or create about 2 million jobs and roughly 20 million have received extended unemployment benefits where they have seen their taxes cut to alleviate their suffering.  Yet there is still a substantial number of  working class  Americans who have not yet taken advantage of the benefits of the law.  Even though the law has not yet affected all concerned, they are confident that they will soon reap the benefits of the law in due course and they are optimistic that their time will come.

Obama Monitoring Afghan Surge
President Obama has been currently monitoring developments in the military operations against the Taliban in Afghanistan ever since he redirected the strategy on the war on terrorism by ordering an orderly pullout of US forces from Iraq and redploying them to Afghanistan where he felt the real battle should be fought (Jackson, 2010a).

When he was campaiging for president, Obama refuted claims of his detractors that he was a defeatist when he said how he would act as commander-in-chief of the most powerful armed force in the world.  While he wants to reach out and reconcile with Americas enemies, he promised not to waver in his duty in protecting the American people from all its enemies, foreign and domestic and he does not want to wage a  stupid war  like the one in Iraq.  By redploying and reconcentrating their forces in Afghanistan, Obama felt he is putting the war effort back on track.

Sundays Best Cheney and Biden, One-on-One
Although the presidential elections were over, the clash between Vice President Joseph Biden and former Vice President Richard Cheney still goes on on several issues, particularly on the war on terrorism.  Cheney claimed that there is a state of war going on and terrorists should not be treated as common criminals with regards to bringing them to justice in civil courts, especially in reference to the Nigerian Umar Farouk Abdulmuttalab who attempted to blow up an airliner on Christmas Day.  On the other hand, Biden believed the Obama administration knows that it is doing and trumpeted the achievements of the administrations way of conducting the war.  He blasted Cheney for being out of touch (Jackson, 2010b).

It can be inferred here that these two men are not in good terms with one another though Cheney admittedly shows respect for President Obama on the way he is handling several issues such as the ongoing war in Afghanistan which he supports while critizing the administrations stand on Iraq, saying it was a big mistake to pull out of Iraq.  However, his praise and compliments seemed to have ended there and reserved his criticisms to those who serve in his administration, particularly to Vice President Biden.

China to Obama Cancel Meeting with Dalai Lama
The leadership in China is telling the White House to cancel the scheduled meeting between President Obama and the Dalai Lama.  Such a meeting is an affront to Beijings sovereignty over Tibet which it has occupied since the 1950s through force and considered it their province, quashing any efforts to recognize the sovereignty of Tibet.  Beijing is urging Washington to honor and respect the policies of China in keeping with the friendship and close ties Obama wanted to have with China.  This is one of the other touchy issues that has somewhat strained US-China relations which also includes arms sales to Taiwan, Chinas human rights issues, currency manipulation and Chinese attacks on Google (Jackson, 2010c).

It can be inferred here that China is invoking its  Middle Kingdom Mentality  where they regard themselves as the center of the world and everyone outside it must defer to them, especially the more powerful countries of the west like the United States.  This explains why they strongly urge, if not demand that President Obama not meet with the Dalai Lama or the President of Taiwan for that matter for such a meeting is an insult to their sovereignty and their sensitivities as they are getting over the  hundred years of humiliation  they endured under the western powers more than a hundred years ago and such a behavior is showing either Chinas  inferiority complex  or trying to show it can no longer be bullied by other great powers by trying to project an image of beinga great power itself.

The term cloud is a metaphor that stands for the word internet based on cloud drawing. According Bayo (2003), cloud computing is Internet based development and use of computer technology in absorption and transfer of data through the use of internet. In international relations and the globalization demands, cloud computing has contributed a lot in connecting different states and regions. In essence, it has led to villagerisation whereby people in different states can be able to receive any information through the use of internet. It is the paradigm shift, whereby details are abstracted from the users who no longer have need of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure, by the use of cloudwebsite technically. It can be defined as a computing capability that provides a concept between the computing resource and its underlying technical architecture for instance, servers, storage, networks, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider relations.

Characteristics of cloud service and challenges
A cloud service has three distinct characteristics that distinguish it from traditional hosting. It is sold on demand and a user can enjoy the service as they want at any given time and the service is entirely managed by the provider. It can be either a public cloud or private. A public cloud is such as Amazon web that sells services to anyone on internet while the private cloud sells their services to a limited organizations or individuals.
           
Cloud computing has led to development of many states both technically, industrially and academically especially in the United States and the better parts of Europe as compared to the rest of the world. This is due to recent development in technology and further advancement in computer skills among the youths. Most countries spend a lot of money in research findings hence advancing the knowledge of technology or cloud computing technique (Richard, 2003).
            
Internet connection has enhanced discoveries allover the world in advancement in technology and data management. Internet has contributed to discovery of space and the components used in astrology and weather forecast hence improving the living standard of the people. Even though most scientists do not acknowledge early technologies as such, most of the modern findings originate from early findings and materials (Lynn, 2002).

Even though its not confidential enough, its becoming more and more effective in relaying information and most of the employees and experts argue that its important to both government and private sectors by enhancing productivity. It is important for an organization to weigh the risks and benefits of cloud computing and analyze both the provider being used and the information being put in the cloud before its released to public domain. Cloud computing has contributed heavily on issues to do with security of different states especially on terrorism by the use of internet hence  promoting  peace and good governance among  different states. It has led to expansion of trade links and promotion of tourism sector in different states. Even though control of data storage system and treatment is hard since information can float freely in the cloud by the use of internet, it may be also complex to determine if the cloud provider is meeting security standards required to protect certain data that are confidential to the state or individual.

The agreement should be paid to ensure that certain conditions and standards are met. If the cloud applications are paid, an enterprise might be able to negotiate terms of the agreement to make sure the data is safe (Alex, 1984).

Conclusion
Cloud computing is more of relaying important information that are relevant both to private firmsindividuals and the general public. Most of the information can be easily obtained by searching on-line and therefore a threat to privacy. The potential for exposure of corporate secrets or legal liabilities is high in cloud computing, however it can be protected.

On the August of 1914, after several years of increased hostilities and tension among the powers of Europe, mainly divided into two blocs that were very powerful, a conflict started that would begin like a local conflict but later spread engulfing the entire European continent. This was a conflict whose magnitude had not been witnessed in mankinds history and which led to the loss of lives of millions of people as well as the downfall of the prevailing order of the world.  On the exact cause of the WWI is a matter of debate among the past and the present historians. There are however two major causes that can be argued, the first is the developing opposition of the nationalist towards the imperial control. The nationalist opposition was mainly evident in the region of Balkan, friction between the empires of Hungarian-Austria and the nationalist of Slavic whom the Russians were supporting. The second cause of this war was the great imperial and economic competition between the main European powers particularly between France, Germany, Britain and other nations in Europe. Alongside the causes of the WWI, are theories that attempts to provide a theoretical approach as to what exactly caused this war (Joll, 2000).

Theories on the origins of WWI
The Marxist theory is one of the greatest theories that explain the origins of WWI it is a quasi economic theory. It suggests that the first world conflict was primarily caused by intense competition of markets and resources among the great European powers. This theory attributes the beginning of this war to imperialism. Nations such as France and UK accumulated lots of wealth towards the end of the nineteenth century via the enormous control they had on foreign resources, territories, people and markets. Other empires such as Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia and Italy were all hopeful in doing well like UK and France. The conflicting ambitions among the European powers created lots of tensions among themselves. Furthermore, the natural resources of Europe were getting exhausted at an alarming rate. The rapid exhaustion of natural resources across the European continent started to gradually disturb the balance of trade and also made nations to be much more eager in seeking new territories with abundant natural resources so as to accumulate even more wealth for themselves. Extreme rivalry grew among these rising economic powers as well as the great powers that were incumbent (Strachan, 2003).

The Marxist theory further suggests that the enmity among the great powers of Europe were aggravated in the 1880s as a result of the scramble for various colonies which brought most countries in Asia and Africa under the rule of the Europeans in the subsequent quarter century. Scramble for colonies created a lot of Anglo-Russian and Anglo-French crises and tensions which avoided a British alliance. Bismarck was against the idea of empires overseas, but practiced a colonial policy of courting political support domestically. This began Anglo-German tension because the acquisitions German had achieved in Pacific and Africa threatened to interrupt upon the British commercial and strategic interests (Mombauer, 2001).

The Marxist theory offers adequate facts as far as the origin of the first global conflict is concerned. It explains how the imbalance of power within Europe led to increased tensions and enmity among the main players in Europe that would eventually culminate into the worst conflict yet to be witnessed in mankinds history. The capacity to control markets, people, foreign resources and territories has been identified by this theory to be the major origins of this war. As the European nations pursued their interests of gathering as much control powers as possible, enmity and tensions started to build up in the continent and the European nations became more prepared to defend their interests both within the European continent and outside. The Marxist theory provides comprehensive explanations concerning the events that led to the war and is therefore acceptable (Joll, 2000).

The second theory that attempts to explain the origins of the WWI is the behavioral theory. The proponents of this theory argue that people are inherently violent and this was the case in the WWI and several other wars that have taken place in history. In the case of the first global conflict, this particular theory suggests that the European people from various nations were driven by nationalism to perceive their nations to be much more superior to others and could therefore defeat them easily in a war. Virtually all the European nations and their citizens had a behavioral attitude that had the tendency of suggesting that they were the most powerful and the best armed in the continent. This prompted different nations within the Europe continent to look for opportunities to prove that they were actually the super powers not only of Europe but of the entire world (Copeland, 2001).

At the beginning of the war, most of the European nations believed that the conflict would only last for a short period of time after crashing their enemies through the use of superior weapons on their enemies. This was the mentality that was possessed by each and every European nation. However, to their surprise their opponents were not as weak as previously assumed and this made the conflict to last for a much longer time. At the same time, since the European nations had a lot of control on other nations around the world and they had made such nations to fear them since the Europeans were much powerful, they had to participate in the war in order to support their masters. Again, these nations which were in one way or another under the rule of the Europeans believed that their respective European powers were very strong and they could not be defeated by other European nations in a conflict. As a result most of these nations eventually supported their European colonizers and thus made the war to eventually involve much more nations than it was the case at the start of the war (Strachan, 2003).

This theory does not provide sufficient facts on the actual origins of the first global conflict since the contribution of the specific behaviors of the European people is not comprehensively discussed in the theory. It however sheds some light on the events that triggered the war and thus contains some facts that were responsible for bringing about the worst war yet to be witnessed. I therefore do not fully accept the behavioral theory as a good theory to refer to when determining the origins of the WWI. It can only be used to explain the events that eventually triggered the conflict and not those that led to the conflict (Joll, 2000).

Economic theories are also used to explain the events that led to the WWI in the beginning of the twentieth century. In this case, the WWI is viewed as a development of increased economic competition within an international system whose competitiveness was increasing. According to the economic theories, the first global conflict started as a chase of natural resources and markets by the European nations in order to accumulate as much wealth as possible. The economic theories suggest that as economic competition among the European nations intensified, so was the rivalry between them. This implies that more economic development among the European powers made the possibilities of having a major conflict almost inevitable among these nations. Therefore, increased competition among the European nations is one of the major factors that explain the origins of the first global conflict (Copeland, 2001).

The explanations provided by the economic theories on the factors that led to the first global conflict are sound and have sufficient facts that support them. This is due to the fact that enmity and rivalry among the European nations increased as economic competition increased. The economic theories are therefore acceptable in the provision of a theoretical approach on the origins of the first global conflict. Furthermore, since the natural resources that are explained in this theory include those that did not belong to Europe, then it becomes even much clearer why the conflict did not only affect the European nations but also the rest of the world (Joll, 2000).

The Marxist theory is the best among the two other theories that have been discussed since it is very comprehensive in the manner it approaches and deals with all the facts that resulted into the first global conflict. It provides a detailed theoretical approach on the factors that led to the conflict, and puts more weight on the exact role that was played by the European nations. The economics theories also offer good explanations on the economic aspects of Europe that eventually brought about the conflict. It is ranked second after the Marxist theory due to its shortcoming of assuming that the conflict was only caused by economic competition among the European nations and hence ignores the role played by all the other factors bringing about the conflict. The behavioral theory is ranked last among the theories that have been discussed in this paper. This theory does not explain how the behaviors of the European people and nations contributed to the events that led the conflict. At best, this theory only explains how the behavior of the European people triggered the conflict when all the other factors had made the conflict inevitable (Copeland, 2001).

Conclusion
The three theories discussed above provide a hypothetical approach on the origins of the first global conflict. They explain how in a theoretical manner how the European nations and people undertook several actions and made many decisions that made the occurrence of a major conflict inevitable. Just like in the case of other theories, the ones discussed above only provide a theoretical framework of the causes of the WWI and not the actual origins of the conflict. This implies that they have taken some assumptions that might give some misleading information and conclusions. Without such assumptions it could have been very difficult for various scholars to develop such theories and make them ideal for the case under consideration that is, the origins of the first global conflict.

Since the last thirty years, women have come a long way. Lives that we live today are very different as compared to lives that were lived thirty to forty years ago. Life in these days is much nobler and much richer as compared to older days. The fact remains however that lives in these days are much more difficult as well, especially in case of contradictions that are faced by modern women have never been more bruising. In every corner of this world, there are endless number of women who silently bear hardships as there is an endless number of losers created for every fewer numbers of winners.

Introduction
This paper asserts the fact that women in modern days are facing much more hardships as compared to older days and main reason of this is globalization. Thereby a question that needs to be analyzed in this paper is that if globalization has been detrimental to women. There is a set of arguments that shall be presented in this paper arguing this fact in two main ways. The first set of arguments deals with endurances that women have to go through in globalised world on the daily basis. First argument shall cover womens rights that they are not allowed to practice. Second argument shall argue in reference to resistances that women have to practice in order to get hold of what they deserve. Third argument shall focus on family breakdown faced by women because of structural adjustment policies in globally renovated economies.

Second set of arguments shall cover the aspects arguing that globalization has changed the meaning of success in womens lives. In this case, it shall be outlined that women have been engines of globalization outlining many facts and examples in relation to women who have been successfully working in many economical zones of many countries.

Rights to freedom of women have undergone highlighting changes in global economies. Being a mother and child bearing is a basic right of any women. Women in many countries are given no freedom to decide if they can be mothers or not. Globalization might have shown positivity and greater anticipated changes in lives of people in industrialized nations but it has been associated with much negativity when it comes to women. Main rights of women that are to be raised in this section as a question under detrimental effects of globalization are rights to sexual freedom and reproductive rights. A women in any corner of the world has a right to choose when she wants to bear children.
Recently it has been seen that many women have joined labor as well as workforces that have caused a great change in attitudes ranging from minds that accept women having relationships outside marriage to countries extremely repressive towards freedom of women in societies. It has to be realized here that women belonging to any religion, any region plays an important role of bearing next generation of laborers and workers. Realization in this aspect is especially needed in case of capitalists who seem unwilling to even provide minimal protection to these women (Scholte 67).
Eurocentric commentators have argued that growth and independence of women should be and is limited to industrialized and developed countries. Opposite findings have been researched in case of many Asian countries where en masse women have entered and joined workforces in order to earn living. These countries include India, Thailand, Korea, as well as Indonesia (Andrew, Keller, and Schwartzman 56).

Many countries follow double standards especially in case of child bearing in women, whether wanted or unwanted. It has been observed in many Export Processing Zones that are inclusive of countries as Central and Latin America, Taiwan and Philippines that before women are hired for employments, they have to undergo pregnancy tests. A doctor working for a multinational Mexican company shared that his responsibilities strictly included checking every women for pregnancies as according to CEOs of certain organizations in Mexico, child bearing or pregnant women prove to be too costly for a company.  In addition, reports have shown that companies in these zones are no less reluctant in terminating women who are pregnant without taking into consideration profits that a company might have made because of skills contributed by her. The story does not end here. It has been observed  that when these companies learn that female employees are pregnant, heavy lifting jobs requiring longer periods of physical labor, as well as obligatory overtime is imposed on these women thus driving these women into resignations, as observe  by Human Rights Watch Report (Horton and  Patapan 56).

Moreover it  has been observed that while employee women are unable to adopt motherhood because of strict rules laid down by Mexican companies , these mothers are unable to go for abortion as well, as abortion has been strictly banned in Mexican regions. Thereby here it is well evident that women are given no choices especially where they hold the rights to be mothers.

Second argument in this set that shall follow below asserts the fact that women belonging to disenfranchised societies and races have been exploited for labor as they demands lesser wage rates and this marks a beginning of globalization and heavy capital earnings in industrialized nations.
There are many countries where woman have been portrayed as easy to manage, but difficult to organize. It has been observed that women under neo liberalism have endured many hardships. Observations yet again have been gathered from Export Processing Zones and countries as Mexico and Latin America. Under neo liberalization, it was observed that these countries were hiring only women for employment and labor work because of lesser wage rates demanded. Globalization caused an increase in industrialization in third world countries and these countries started to rely heavily on women. Specialists have carried out many studies along with social feminists showing that an increased hiring of women for cheap labor marks beginning of globalization in third world countries. Globalization is marked by hiring women for skilled and semi skilled labor being provided with wage rates that are much lower than wage rates being provided to men. As observed, more than 30-40 of industrial labor is composed of women (Kawachi  and Wamala 89).

Capital largely produced by global economies is based on labor exploitation of labor that is in turn based on gender and ethnicity differences. White men are favored  over black men and women are hired  at a higher rate as main advantages that they provide are lower wage rates  along with exploitation of women belonging to disenfranchised societies and ethnicities. Women in many countries are hired, as they are considered easily manageable and docile as compared to men.
Thus women in globalizations era have faced many repressive situations while working. These women by unions, IMF as well as their employers have endured assaults. Women have defended their pays and working condition in case when they work in places other than organizations. To these inhumane dealings, women have shown resistances.  Large street vendors have been organized by women in order to ask for their rights and to make higher authorities learn what conditions they face in the name of raising profits and capitals. As an example, a large street vendor was observed in Philippines Gabriela. There are many countries who have realized an importance of speaking for womens rights as in case of India, an organization known as Self Employed Womens Association (SEWA) organizes many gatherings for women who work in their homes as well as on streets especially in case of Gujarat. Union rights have been organized and won by women in many states of US and these have resulted women in winning better working conditions in California although many of these women have been enlisted as illegal immigrants (Mayo 78).

Third argument here argues that in case where there is a shift in global economies there is a change and adjustments in individual economies as well. These adjustments have caused a change in childcare services as well as health services. Thus, it implies here that there are greater responsibilities to be assumed by women in these specific areas. In many countries, it has been seen that there are cuts in investments being done on educational sectors that has directly affected education of adult class in women as well as that of teenager women.  Distances between schools, colleges and homes have increased and colleges and schools have been shut down in a larger number thereby girls are stuck in homes deemed unable to achieve higher education. In addition, these women have lesser access to money grants, monetary assistances and failing wages as well as increase in inflation has caused these women with lesser powers as food providers in their families thereby these women need to cope with these insufficiencies on a daily basis (Inda  and Rosaldo 49).

Women have faced family breakdowns in globalised economies. Lower wage rates are provided to many women that make them work for longer working hours causing mass influx of women into paid work and this has caused an increase of women in paid work thus causing family breakdowns. Developed countries as well as developing countries are evidence of rising divorce rates and lesser couples getting married (Bhagwati 67).

Children are a responsibility of parents as well as societies as a whole. Extension of market mechanism has been observed in globalised economies. These extensions have been the main reasons of pressures faced by schools, kindergarten schools as well as many educational units in many countries. Situation defined here gets more crucial for children who are facing adversities and children who belong to larger cities in well-developed countries. UNICEF reports that children and youth from the modern time are more worrisome as compared to older days. Youth and children from modern era are unsocial, sorrowful, sad, angry, unhealthy and malnourished. It has been reported that social decline has been noticed in children who belong to urban areas around the world in many developing countries. This situation has been linked to changes in health care services and childcare services that are not being provided in an adequate level by developing countries. Many mothers die in labor, many children die minutes after birth as their mothers are malnourished and have not been receiving proper healthcare during pregnancy. Moreover it has been reported that a high number of children are entering and making their ways into child labor as parents are unemployed and there are no employment chances for them being illiterate thereby these childfree become only hope for any financial incomes in homes (Sociological abstracts 54).

These set of arguments can be concluded by saying that globalization has been detrimental to women in one too many ways. These include lesser opportunities of education and this has directly as well indirectly affected family lives of these women by affecting their children who are unhealthy as well as uneducated. Child labor is an only option for these families. Women in many developed and developing countries have been exploited for labor based on lower wage rates that they demand as compared to men thus causing an increase in capitals raised by these countries on a global level. Women in these countries have no rights especially when it comes to employment and childbearing. Reports have been included to illustrate the policies that are enforced on women in Mexico.
Second set of arguments that follows below will assert the fact that globalization has proven to be advantageous for women and globalization has redefined success and careers for women in many countries.

Women have proven to be the engines for globalization. Capital development in the world has been because of women when it is realized that a large number of women have entered the workforce and labor since the last twenty years. It has been observed that all organizations, all companies, and all capitalist extracting businesses have relied on women for extracting as much capital as possible. This is because labor demanded by women is cheaper as compared to the labor provided to men at work.

198019851990199519971999Indonesia16,934.622,506.529,422.731,729.033.079.0naIreland346.4332.0371.5482.9539.7643.9Thailand10,657.010,749.114,386,214,795.215,041.314,365.9Korea5,222.05,833.07,376.08,256.08,686.08,303.0Philippines6,070,07,569.08,185.09,505.019,451.011,709.0Source Kofman (2003).

Table shown here is an evidence of the fact that women have increasingly entered into labor since two decades and this has caused an increase in capital development and increase in economical benefits enjoyed by many countries.

In many countries, it is seen that women have been hired in service sectors and ranks that have been achieved by women are almost the same as men. Women these days are being paid to do jobs that remained unpaid when being done from homes. Women have potentially replaced men in job sectors as banking and computers. In addition it has been seen that men in these sectors are in lesser number as compared to women (Croucher 90).

It has been argued that globalization has been linked with partial socialization of household works in many countries. Thereby this socialization has been utilized by women and they seek it as an opportunity to earn outside their homes as amount  earned is almost ten times as they used to make inside their homes two decades earlier. In addition to this , an argument has been given that labor saving devices as washing machines, cookers have been increasingly produced as these helped in saving womens times in their homes thereby they can concentrate more on labor and this time has been in turn utilized by organization who have hired these women on labor for longer periods of time. This concept has been mentioned as feminization of labor and in this case, an example is given of countries as Thailand where almost double the number of women entered the workforce as compared to men after 1980. Because of this there has been an increase in foreign direct investment in Thailand (Lechner and  Boli 56).

Economists have argued that a relationship exists between newer types of economies that are generated because of globalization and an increase in influx of women in labor in developing countries. Globalization has caused a fragmentation of all kinds of economies on a global level causing a breakdown of traditional sectors as well as models of life have been changed. Many changes have been brought about in cultural settings for women and these consequently cause an increase in desire of independence in women.  These desires thereby make women have better paying jobs. In addition, there is an issue of lower wages being provided to women in different countries as highlighted in previous sections.

Another important factor that needs to be highlighted in this case is flexibility at jobs. Globalization is known for great changes in economy that are linked with constant and continuous interactions at a global level. It has been seen that a constant level of interactions exist between global and local markets, companies and businesses.  Part time work, subcontracting, as well as fixed contract work are some forms of informalization of global economies and these are also referred to as flexible production (Blossfeld 90).

Moreover, globalization has changed womens lives in their workplaces and this has changed from one country to another. It is an accepted fact that globalization has caused many third world countries to emerge as developed countries and industrialized nations thereby employment opportunities for women have increased in many countries.  There has been an increase in trade, commerce in many countries reshaping economies of many countries. Economies in these countries are more vital and rapid growth is being observed thereby employment opportunities in a higher number has been created for women that were once earning ten times lesser money in their households (Schaeffer 89).
A record of job creation has been observed in case of countries responsible for producing higher export products for other countries. Thus an argument given here helps draw conclusions that more jobs are created by industrialization of countries and as a result of rapid development of economies in these countries, these jobs are not able to be filled entirely by men thereby a large ratio of these jobs is filled by women. Thereby increasing opportunities are created for women to work in markets along with men improving their financial lives thus achieving their independence.

Conclusion
This paper has argued that globalization has been detrimental to women in one too many ways. Globalization has been the main reason of increases in economical growth of many countries causing an increase in the number of industrialized nations on the map. However, these rapidly developing economies have in turn proven to effect womens lives in a negative way. It has been argued in the first set of arguments that in many Latin American countries along with many Asian countries, organization and business believe that hiring pregnant and childbearing women is detrimental for businesses of organizations thereby female employees are not allowed to be pregnant and if they do, they are terminated. On the other hand, these countries do not allow these women to undergo abortion if they choose to do so. Moreover it has been discussed in the paper that family lives have been adversely effected as a result of lower wage rates and longer working hours that the women endure.

The Department of Homeland Security was created by the government with the aim to supervise the measures taken for the protection of the U.S. citizens. This paper will discuss the issues which the organization is responsible for, including the social and the judiciary ones. The operations of the Homeland Security cause the infringement of the civil liberties of the country while it also has the authority to access any personal information of any person. The paper provides recommendations on how to resolve the issues and how to make the organization more acceptable for the nation as a whole.

The Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 after the approval of the proposal of President George W. Bush by the Senate. The creation of this organization came as the response to the September 11 attacks which exposed the weakness of the USA to the terrorist actions and the lack of a dedicated response unit. Hence, the Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002, being the biggest governmental reorganization with different departments falling under the basic Homeland Security such as, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the Federal Emergency, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the Transportation Security Administration (Perl, 2004). The basic functioning of the Department of Homeland Security is to protect the United States against terrorist attacks and to respond to natural disasters.

Since the scope of the organization is very broad, naturally it comes under scrutiny concerning social and judicial grounds, which include issues such as data-mining and the storage of data of every citizen, inefficiency and wastages causing it to become a burden on the tax payers money, and also for taking actions beyond the common laws making them an organization not directly accountable to the courts.

The Ethical and Social Justice Issues
The most obvious issue pertaining to the creation and functioning of the organization come from the level of independence that they receive. The Department of Homeland Security is stationed higher than the Federal Bureau of Investigation and even has the Secret Service reporting to it. This allows them to gain the free access to all the personal records of every citizen of the nation while also allowing them to access data stored by any other company. Legally, this is debatable as the data provided to institutions are usually meant to be for their benefit and not to be shared by any other organization or information seeker. However, the Homeland Security Department can easily bypass the civil liberties which anyone may have and gain access to the personal data. This issue is more formidable when the Homeland Security has the right to make preemptive arrests against people plotting against America even if they have committed no crime yet. Besides, the manipulation of the information is all up to the Homeland Security and if the information is not analyzed accurately, anyone can be convicted with the sources not to be even admissible under the laws of the judicial system (Gupta, 2002).

Another important issue which arises in this regard is the necessity of such an organization. The Homeland Security Department has roughly wasted 15 billion in failed contracts as of September 2008 (Hedgpeth, 2008). There is also the concern regarding the performance of the organization as the lack of support to the Hurricane Katrina victims has raised concerns as to the organizations effectiveness in dealing with natural disasters. The organization appears to be too costly to the people of the United States, considering the benefits that it brings.

The United States has a Secretive U.S. Court which was commissioned in 1978 to basically aid the government in legally approving wiretaps and black bag searches which would have been very difficult to get approval from in a regular court of law (Carlsen, 2001). This type of governmental actions is highly secretive and has been kept a secret from the U.S. population. People have the right to know what the government does as they are paying taxes and have voted for the government.

Rawls Theory and the Social and Justice Issues
Rawls theory of justice is a detailed theory which attempts to rationally understand the social ethics of the society and also discusses the concept called the veil of ignorance. The theory in short tries to understand the principles of justice created by the rational thought of a group of people living in the society who have a veil of ignorance, which is the concept presupposing that all people are equal and there is no separation based on race, wealth or status in society. However, the reason for discussing this society with respect to Homeland Security is because of the discussion of Rawls which talked about the individual liberty within a society (Adams, 2005).

The discussion in this regard is whether the actions of Homeland Security are justifiable by the society of rational thinkers. The lack of respect towards privacy of ones liberty is highly questionable as the main problem with our political thought is that if we see ourselves separately or is independents then we are painting a target on our back as we would be more intensely investigated (Kjos, 2003).

The social and judicial parameters that the Department of Homeland Security routinely abuses are an indicator as to the extent of social and legal degradation. The government has created a body which has stripped the nation of the individual liberty to do anything without informing the government first. The government is allowed to make preemptive arrests based on their suspicions and people must be careful of whatever they say or do, as it may be construed as an act of terrorism or violation against the nation, suppressing the independence which the United States is so proud to boast of.

The Justice Themes and the Homeland Security
The organization can be analyzed along the four justice themes, namely, the following Human Rights, Liberty, Equality, and Justice.

Human Rights
Human rights are violated on the ground that the freedom to speech and similar other vocal and exhibitionist freedoms have become highly questionable as they have become susceptible to the governmental observation and can become evidence for them. Courts have convicted people on the belief that they were about to commit terrorist attacks against the State. Similarly, by approving the U.S. Homeland Security Bill in 2002, they stripped immigrant children of rights while also making Civil Rights vulnerable (Human Rights Watch, 2002). Besides, agents routinely neglect the rights of people and this has led to numerous complaints to be filed against the organization. Yet no action has been taken in this regard.

Liberty
Civil liberties have been the worst affected through the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The organization has access to wiretapping people who they believe to be suspects and they can also make preemptive arrests. Arresting before any wrong has been committed is a highly debatable topic, but it still proves that the government has created a body which has an allowance to act as it pleases.

Equality
Since the organization views mostly external threats, immigrants and other multi-ethnic groups residing in the U.S. and with their roots abroad are treated differently by the organization as compared to the native citizens. The intensity of the actions taken by immigrants is treated as a matter of national security while citizens are allowed some level of freedom (however, if citizens have their biological roots in foreign countries, they are just as dangerous to the nation). Therefore, the treatment of Homeland Security destroys the belief that All men are created equal.

Justice
The judicial issues have been discussed in detail already, but as a summary, it can be concluded that the manner of justice dispensed by the organization is highly questionable, as the proof cannot be validated and the courts are sentencing people based on possibility of committing a crime rather than catching people in the act of committing crimes or once they have broken the law.

Major Challenges for Homeland Security
The major challenge lies in the lack of trust regarding the organization and the aura of doubt and misgivings it invokes among people and other governmental bodies. The Department of Homeland Security has created an image of a dubious organization which is even above the law. It has the right to convict people and take them to court based on misgivings or suspicion rather than based on authentic proof or records of criminal offenses. The trust deficit has led people to question just how far the government has authorized the organization to pry into the personal lives of citizens and to what extent the rights and liberties of people are safe. Voicing misgivings about the government and expressing opinions has become restricted as people are concerned that they might be misquoted or give any wrong impressions.

Another issue related to the organization is that it appears to be expendable, since its commemoration by not protecting the citizens or supporting them when natural disasters struck the nation nor has it helped in making Americans feel any safer than they did after the attacks in 2001. Thus, the organization seems simply a bully in the governmental arena, as it has considerable power, but has to improve its performance.

Recommendations
The organization should become more transparent to the general public, as far as its operations or actions are concerned, so that people can be assured that they are safe and still possess liberties which the country promises to them. An extensive campaign to help bridge the distance between the people and the organization would help build an understanding as to the operations of the organization. By releasing some information regarding to what extent the organization delves into the databanks of the nation, the citizenry might better understand the purpose of the data-mining and what happens with the data once it is collected. The organization needs to be active in abolishing its image of a shadowy figure looming over the public.

Another recommendation pertains to the second issue, which basically means that the Department of Homeland Security needs to become more active in PR and dealing with the crisis in order not to weaken their own position of being the support for the nation in troubling times. The organization must be the first to respond to natural disasters and create a leading image via the proactive media relationship and promotions.

To successfully implement the recommendations, the factors which need to be considered are the extent to which the organization can release its information. It cannot disclose too much about its operations as it might expose their operations to the wrong crowd however they need to release sufficient knowledge so that the taxpayers are relieved of their misgivings regarding the organization.

The government should play an active role in paving the healthier relations between the organization and the people. The government needs to encourage the organization to consider the rights and liberties of the people and make it answerable to the regular courts so that the people can better relate with the organization. Its bureaucratic structure and the lack of accountability make it alienated from the rest of the governing bodies.

Conclusion
By following the said recommendations, the Department of Homeland Security can help in resolving their actions and making them a more transparent organization. By acting beyond the law, the Department of Homeland Security has become an entity which can take actions which are unaccountable and unjust at times. All the civil liberties and freedoms that the U.S. Constitution proudly proclaims need to be restored and the only way to do so would be to make the government just as answerable for their actions as is the U.S. citizenship.

One might fairly compare Alicias perspective to a student first being introduced to the Argentinean military repression and authoritarian style of government.  In the same way that a new student is shocked to learn of the methods used to maintain power and the horrible consequences, so too does Alicia begins in a relatively ignorant or nave state before experiencing a profound transformation in terms of his perspectives and feelings.  Alicia, to be sure, becomes progressively enlightened as the movie develops.  She transforms from a naive state to one of shocked disbelief, then to a painful type of realization that what she had preciously believed was untrue, and finally to a sense of outrage and angry embarrassment about the state of affairs in Argentina.  Her character illustrates a couple of salient features of the human being.  First, despite atrocities occurring all around, people can remain honestly ignorant and base their perspectives on false premises.  Second, it demonstrates that military oppressors can benefit by cultivating this type of ignorance in order to supplement their other brutal measures.  It is not always easy to realize that one exists in a repressive state, as Alicias early character demonstrates, and this counsels that people should be vigilant about preventing any movement toward authoritarianism in government before it becomes too deeply rooted as was the case in Argentina.

Her friend, Anna, has been tortured in particularly bad ways and abused for nothing more than living with an allegedly subversive person.  She has been so violated and psychologically hurt that she has left her home and has steadfastly refused to become involved in any battles against the repressive military state.  She represents the horrible physical and emotional suffering that results from repressive regimes.  Conversely, and a cruel irony throughout the movie, Alicias husband has always been intimately informed and well aware of what was happening throughout Argentina and he has benefited personally and economically.  His perspective is therefore influenced by the diverse political, social and economic benefits associated with supporting and participating to some extant in the repressive military regime.  Roberto truly illustrates how human greed and a quest for power can subvert ideals associated with social justice and be used as a superseding type of excuse for morally reprehensible acts.  These types of benefits for Roberto, as the movie portrays them, are more important than even his own family members.  Gaby, the adopted girl, is seemingly lost and one wonders whether she might share the same fate as Anna or Alicia. She represents the social dislocations caused by repressive military rule and the future victims.  Her perspective was one of not belonging, not being allowed to belong, and perhaps functioning as the symbolic voice of those whom the movie was intended to remember and lament.

The fate of Alicias family did not appear especially hopeful.  While the movie ended with her leaving, there was no definitive conclusion.  A couple of predictions, however, can be made.  First, it is improbably that she will ever reconcile with her husband.  She was heatedly opposed to his social ideology, to his philosophical convictions, and she had been physically and emotionally abused.  Second, it is also unlikely that she would allow Gaby to grow up in such a household.  It is entirely plausible to imagine that she will attempt to run away, that Roberto will as a consequence become angry and vengeful, and that he will therefore attempt to have Alicia and Gaby murdered.  Such a series of events would be consistent with the character of a man devoted to the conservative military regime.

The movie tells us much about the legacy of military rule.  First, there are many victims.  The victims might have suffered death, torture, and the loss of loved ones.   Second, even families can be divided in environments where repressive military rule prevails.  Roberto, for example, refused to attempt to harmonize his pro-military opinions with those of his wife, his father, and his brother.  Families are victims, too.  Finally, there seems to be no middle-ground quite the contrary, individuals become polarized and a sort of extremism seems to develop in which violence is used to solve disagreements.  These would seem to be some of more visible consequences of a repressive military rule.

Judaism
Judaism is a religion based on the principles and practices derived from the Tanakh (Jewish bible). Believers of the religion claim that it is an expression of the relationship God covenantly developed with the Israelites people who are considered to be descendants of Jacob of the Old Testament. It has various branches with some being monotheistic, others believe in the written torah while others believe in both the oral and written torah (Borowitz, 1984). As one of the oldest religions based on monotheism, Judaism has been very influential to the both Islam and Christianity. Judaism has also been very instrumental in the trends of the western civil Law and secular ethics. As an ethno religious group, Judaism constituted of about 13 million followers as of 2007 with 40 of them in U.S and 40 in Israel (Arnold, 1995). Major differences between the various Judaism groups are their interpretation of the Jewish law. Though once enforced in courts, the Judaism principles today are basically voluntary. Characterized by religious dogma, Judaism is founded on divine revelation.

Despite having the highest ethical and spiritual truths regarding humanity it is integrated into the corrupt Jewish national law (Arnold, 1995). The Torah is mainly aimed at distinguishing Israelites as a Gods people. According to the written Torah, Yahweh, is the only God of Israel. Judaism is shows guardianship of the humanity religious truths and guides the Jewish supreme Gods people. This is achieved through rites and laws of a particular character from a national perspective while at the same time keeping the religious truths intact within the people. Judaism plays a key role in the governance of the countries that practice it since its founded on fidelity in God as the worlds ruler.                                          
Its universal, and varies all over world religions as it is not based on belief systems or creed. Principles of Judaism have had enormous influence on the state law in Israel to deter any injustice against Gods people. Judaism has been integrated into the state law to influence the interactions in the national context since it is treated as a law of justice demanding compassionate and justice equally for all people even in heathendom. Judaism relates to the state law as a tool through which justice is executed as a Noachian humanity law. The Judaism religion has therefore been core in the formulation of rabbinic law principles (Borowitz, 1984).

The role played by Judaism in influencing culture and society across the world particularly in the western context is enormous. Having grown from Judaism, Christianity borrows some values and ideas from Judaism. The founder of Christianity Jesus Christ and his apostles were Jewish by birth and the Jewish bible contributed a lot into the Christian bibles Old Testament. Major principles in Judaism are as equally importation in the Christian context. These similar principles are referred as the Judeo-Christian tradition (Arnold, 1995). These ideas became paramount in the process of formulating the eastern perceptions regarding morality, law and social justice. Judaism was also very influential in other aspects of the European civilization such as literature, weekly schedules and religion. The western literature draws greatly from the sacred texts, the Hebrew bible and the Ten Commandments sourced from Judaism. From a worlds perspective, the idea of the modern day weekend has its roots in the Judaisms every weeks day of rest.
 
In the western civilization, the individual liberty is highly respected. Recognizing self worth and the need for dignity, the idea of self worth is deduced from the Hebrews bible first book, first chapter (Borowitz, 1984). In the ancient western culture, charity was not valued. Following the integration of western and Judaism cultures, charity was adopted and this principle is known to have been derived from the Judaism texts depicting their resentment for indifference. In Judaism, it was obligatory to help each other. The western culture believes in the fairness in trials. The idea is however known to have originated from the Judaism texts promoting fairness such as the Talmud and the Hebrew bible (Arnold, 1995).

Christianity
Being the most popular religion the world over, Christianity has its basis on the teachings of Jesus Christ. Over 2.1 billion people in the world are Christians and believe in Jesus Christ as the son of God having come into the world more than 2000 year ago to establish the church (Ferguson, 1978). Early ecumenical Christian creeds form the foundation of the Christian theology as they encompass claims that are accepted predominantly by adherents of the Christian religion. According to these creeds, to be a Christian entails believing in Jesus Christ as the son of God, who while in the world suffered, was crucified, died, was buried and resurrected from the world of the dead, ascended into heaven to reign and rule with God. Christians also believe that He is to return again to grant eternal life to those who believe in Him for the remission of their sins. He is regarded as the representative of the virtuous life and both the physical incarnation and revealer of God (Earl, 1973).The religion began in Palestine on the day of Pentecost the time of Emperor Tiberius.

Christianity grew in Judaism through orthodox Jews and was regarded by the Jews as an Israelites sect. Christianity was distinct from Judaism in that it was a new religion from the perspective of its founder (Christ), its creed, attitude towards man and God and its moral code spirit (Earl, 1973). As St. Paul in 2 Corinthians 517 notes, If any man be in Christ, he says, he is a new creature old things are passed away behold all things are new.

The western civilization owes a lot to Christianity and specifically Western Christianity among other traditions. It is through Christianity that individual sanctity was established. Individual sanctity was very instrumental in defining and supporting the liberty concept in the U.S. law (Ferguson, 1978). The concept of separation and as relating to power limitation originated from Christian institutions such as the Roman Catholic papacy. The enlightment of the elite in the west did challenge Christianity especially in the 1960s prompting the Christian to fight back to retain its position in the western culture. This influenced to a great extent the western civilization. Apart from establishing the elements of enlightment tradition, Christianity tradition in the west was key in maintain the rest of the traditions in balance and hence both political and social balance. Christianity, especial within the Roman Catholic has been a hindering force in women freedom (Earl, 1973). This contributed so much to reformations within the Christian church and in influencing the idea of feminism in the 20th century west.  By advocating for high standards of morality, Christianity has had enormous effect on the society as these morals go a long way to promote coexistence. For instance, Christianity was made law by King Olav in 1020 A.D. thus demonizing activities such slavery, polygamy and black magic common in the society then. In England and America, Christian movements led the fight against slavery and this had a great impact on the formulation of state policies for protection of human rights (Ferguson, 1978).

However, Christianity has also encountered intense challenges over time due to the intervention of both political and cultural factors. For instance, in the U.S, there has been prevalent immigration leading into the introduction of other religious beliefs such as Islam. There has been integration of political forces and the church principles as well as increased focus on secular issue such as money rather the gospel (Ferguson, 1978). Rifts within the Christian church are the basis for the numerous Christian beliefs that exist today. In 1054 C.E, the Christian church experienced the first split between the easts Greek and the west Latin speaking Christians as a result of disagreement on the basis of rituals rather than doctrines.

The world has experienced grievous conflicts propagated by Christianity. The Israel-Palestinian conflict was for example triggered by the Christians interest in recapturing the holy land (Earl, 1973). This conflict has led to millions of causalities contrary to Christian teachings against killing. A number of political movements affiliated to Christianity have risen to promote Christian interests irrespective of the religions principles. Political Zionism for example was very instrumental in promoting the 19th century colonial spirit of the west. Through Zionist movements, conflict escalated in Palestine whereby the Christians unlawfully expelled about 50,000 Palestinians from their territory in 1948 (Ferguson, 1978). Evangelical Zionists have worked in support of both the U.S President Bush and the policy makers to further their interests at the expense of Jesus exhortations. Immoral and naive interpretation of the biblical principles led to the establishment of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the name of political cleansing. Characterized by intense conflict, the mainstream church has failed to demonstrate a model that promotes ethical engagement. Church leadership has been reluctant to condemn the injustice done by the political Zionists on Palestine.

Christianity was also very instruments in furthering the cold war through NATOs foreign policy. This led to the establishment of enemity between the national liberation movements and the communist groups despite the churchs mandate to promote peace. All along, Zionist politics have been contradicting the theology taught by the founder of Christianity (Christ) ( Earl, 1973 23). Spread of the of Islam in the middle east region around the 10th century, prompted the Roman catholic papacy to launch the crusades against the Arabs to reclaim the holy land (Palestine). In essence, the crusades were primarily motivated by personal interest of the Europeans in that some crusaders wanted to take advantage of resources in this new are to expand their territories. These crusades have since then been the basis of the conflict between Muslims and Christians. There have been numerous other Christian movements based on extreme interpretation of conflict resolution. These movements such as the K.K.K and the Americas New Christian Right have furthered intolerant ends and in turn violence has escalated to unstoppable scale (Ferguson, 1978).  

Currently, there exist numerous Christian churches which are the product of the 16th century conflicts leading to the protestant reformation a major schism that followed the renaissance in the 16th century (Earl, 1973). The only Christian church then Roman Catholic was characterized by intense revolts due to secular interest of the pope and the clergy contrary to the Christianity doctrine. Integration of church doctrines and secular interests of the Roman clergy leading to activities such as the sale of indulgencies prompted reformists like Martin Luther (1517) and latter Calvin and Zwingli to protest against the Roman doctrines. Rather than unite the people, the Roman church doctrine propagated separation. For instance, King Henry VIII assumed the position of head of church in England in 1534 leading to the reformation in England. Following the reformation, the Roman Catholic began Counter Reformation through the proceedings of the Council of Trent instituting new doctrinal changes in the Catholic Church then (Earl, 1973 67). This set in competition between the two religious forces and this has over time been manifested in the political struggles among nations of the world especially in the European states.

The church was also instrumental in furthering colonialism by the European nations. The 1942s Columbus discovery of the American continent led to the colonial expansion impetus in the name missionary activity. Moreover, numerous state religions such as Englands Anglicanism, and Germanys Lutheranism came up and were characterized by vigorous conflicts and this did affect the society negatively. Some wars propagated by Christianity include the English civil war religion wars in French and the Thirty Years War.

Christianity doctrines are the basis of some political ideologies such as Marxism and liberalism. As vital aspects of the civilization process of the European states, these movements were founded on events such as anti-clericalism and dechristianization (Earl 1973 73). In the western culture particularly, Christianity doctrine has been a key factor influencing the establishment of certain political norms such as separation of powers thus distinguishing democracy in the modern western culture from the general democracy. With respect to these norms, the western culture emphasizes a lot on the individual as it seeks to retain the individual liberty and difference.  Christianity was thus central to the civilization in the European countries as in some instances it was treated as a state department. Following the fall of the Roman Empire, the churchmen as the only reaming educated people took responsibility of the civil authority. In the 12th-13th century, the church (papal power) and the emperors were involved in stiff political struggle for control of events.

Hinduism
Of organized religions, Hinduism is believed to be the oldest and has had a profound impact to the civilization of the world. It is a religion of the Indian people drawing a lot from the traditional practices of the various mythologies and cultures (Flood, 2003). It is the most tolerant and liberal religion in the world with its origin dating back to 1500 BCE.  It is thus believed to be the foundation of civilization in the world. The practice of Hinduism holds it that three are a number of paths to get to salvation yoga practice, Jesus and Quran. With over a billion followers, the Hindu philosophy teaches that all people across the world are friends. Unlike other religions that are based on the philosophies of their charismatic leaders, Hinduism is a religion founded by the people for the people. In regards to civilization, Hinduism has influenced the establishment into the Hindu nationalists, the Hinduvta as the dominant factor (Ferguson, 1978). Distinguishing the Hindu religion form other religions is the fact that Hindus believe in multiple gods and diverse ways to salvation. Unlike Islam, Judaism and Christianity, Hindus worship visible gods whom they know their images. As religious worlds, the Aryan and Indus valley have been very instrumental in the civilization of both India and the world.

Despite being the most tolerant religion, Hinduism has been involved in a series of conflicts that have contributed greatly to civilization in India and the world at large. This is because of the conflict between the philosophical concepts held by the Hindus and other religions (Flood, 2003). Within the Hindu community, there have been conflicts among the different Castes and with other religious communities. Conflicts in the Hindu religion have erupted due to the efforts of groups such as the militants and fanatics imposing their beliefs through fundamentalism forces. Trying to denounce the Hindu gods and Hindu beliefs has been the source of conflict between Hindu and Islam and the Christianity. The liberality practiced in Hinduism seeks to accommodate all other religious beliefs believing that they are but the diverse ways of reaching god. This has time and again escalated conflict between Hindus and other religious organizations. In essence, the Hindu religion is based on the advancement of peace as a unifying factor among the people of different religious backgrounds. On the contrary, it practices then oppressive Caste (class) system (Flood, 2003). Despite the constitution of India having guaranteed equality among all Indians, the caste system distinguishes each caste from the other and this inequality has been a source of conflict within the Hindu community.

Following the prevalence of trade, the Indians were very instrumental in influencing the cultures of other regions through their organized Hindu religion. Having been organized at time when other religions and culture had not been developed, the Hindu religion played a key role in the civilizations of the world especially the western culture (Ferguson, 1978). According to Flood (2003 89), experts have termed the influence of Indian civilization as Indianization. Through trade, Hinduism spread to Indians trade partners such the Roman Empire in the west and China in the east who were by then less civilized. These states adopted Hindu gods Vishnu and Shiva including other aspects of Hinduism. The caste system in Hinduism contributed a lot to the civilization of the western culture leading to the idea of class distinctions.  For instance, the Hinduism Brahmins caste was during the period of Funan (first century) incorporated to facilitate administration in royal courts Flood, 2003 167).  

Islam
Islam is one of the religions known to have significantly influenced the civilization of the word amidst stiff repression from the existing religions. Islam is founded on the principle of submission as depicted in the meaning of the word Islam submission to god (Goldziher, 1981).  The religion builds on the idea of one God as the founder Mohamed preached. Islam grew in idolatry characterized Arab society. Born in Mecca, Mohamed founded the Islamic religion in 610 A.D in a nomadic Arab territory amidst prevalent ignorance for values and lack of law and governance. He faced repression in Mecca while establishing the religion in prompting him to move to Medina. Before his death in 32 A.D, Mohamed had successful spread established his teachings despite oppression from non-Muslims and pagans of Mecca.

The death of Mohammad was a catastrophe as the Muslims who had since the inception of Islam, not thought of a Mohammads successor (Lewis, 1993). Mohamed had established a strong Islamic polity that was left vacuum following his death. It is then Abu bakr succeeded Mohamed as the first caliph of the first caliphate. The growth of Muslim was characterized by violence both within and without the religion. This was driven by the urge to conquer more territories and establish Islam and struggle for leadership. For instance, during the reign Abu bakr, Muslims launched offensives and conquered 22,000 miles of land. The caliphates, especially the third and the second were characterized by intense conflicts as the caliphs practiced discrimination, secularism and were mean (Goldziher, 1981).

Islam is the foremost religion to have advocated for democracy with both the king and the peasant side by side presenting themselves to God. This principle has been borrowed by the western culture especially the U.S to promote fairness and equality from a social and political context. Research indicates that the unmatched unity among the Islamic people was the inspiration behind the League of Nations (Lewis, 1993). Islam as a civilization spread rapidly from the onset of the first caliphate, during the Arabs, Persians and Turks rule. Reforms in other religions especially Christianity were influenced by Islam. Islam has always been against discrimination and this has immensely contributed to the establishment of Rights movements in the western culture particularly. Unity depicted in the sisterhood and brotherhood principles of the Islam religion have gone way beyond local attachments to any particular race, language or tribe and have been a major contributor to the idea of equality and justice in the worlds civilizations. The various sciences and arts in the worlds civilization today draws a lot from the global civilization established through Islamic caliphates (Lewis, 1993 128). Islams global civilization was also very instrumental in changing the minds of the nomadic Arabs and hence the creativity of its followers thus making the nomadic Arabs the pioneers of learning and science. This has influenced the civilization in respect to culture and intellectual to an extent not achieved before.