Political Science

Securitization is a concept that is closely related with the Copenhagen school which uses a constructivist approach to international security. It involves the change of an issue by an actor to a security matter. The main political sectors where securitization can take place include military, political, economic, society, and environment. Migration has become the leading controversial political issue in Europe because it has been linked to various issues like terrorism, criminality, and civil strife. Another controversial political issue is asylum which can be described as a place that offers protection and safety to vulnerable individuals in the society. The vulnerable individuals can be criminals, debtors, or even political refugees.

Because of the link with the issues of security concern, migration and asylum have been transformed into important topics of contemporary security politics in the real world of practices and in the scholarly literature. Relating the issue to the securitization theory of the Copenhagen school, numerous scholars have argued that migration and asylum issues have been turned into security issues by the society in the European Union. However, the claims have not been backed by any detailed practical research (Huysmans 2000).

The objective of this paper is to bring some insight into the topics of asylum and migration which have gained security concern in the European Union. Migration has been an issue and has resulted into heated political debates especial after the abolition of labor migration which was done by the majority of European countries in the 1970s. Migration as was stated earlier is associated with a wide range of problems like criminality, breaking of laws and disorderliness, unemployment, misuse of social benefits, diseases, cultural and religious threats, civil strife, and political instability. Migration has also been termed as a security threat by some political leaders and the media. Migrants and asylum seekers were linked to terrorism in the United Kingdom just before the general election of 2005. The then conservative leader Michael Howard stated that Britain is faced with terrorist threat because of lack of information on the people entering or leaving the country (Samers 2004).

Owing to the importance of the issue of immigration, it has been listed as one of the main items in the policy making agenda in many European Union member countries. EU member countries have not downplayed the importance of migration and asylum and most of them have reformed their asylum and migration policies, both in the substantial and in the institutional dimensions. They have only left some modest exception like migration quota system which is used by few countries. Most of the policy initiatives are directed towards reduction migration flows into EU, and also the number of people seeking refuge (Huysmans 2000).

Among the measures which were taken to discourage or even prevent people from migrating to EU countries include a wide range of laws reducing access to their territory. Such measures include visa policies and carrier sanctions. The migrants and asylum seekers who are staying in these countries have been accorded limited entitlements. Limitations are put on family reunification, access to labor market, and access to social benefits. The legislative changes have been coupled with increased funding devoted to migration controls in most member states. Huge amounts of money have been invested in complicated technologies with the aim of increasing efficiency in the control of migration. France and Italy have expanded their military and semi military bodies who are manning the borders to prevent migration (Ober 2005).

Because of migration and asylum, EU member countries have steadily increased their collaboration. The treaty of Maastricht which was signed in 1993 granted the EU some restricted competence on dealing with justice and home affairs. The treaty included asylum, migration and external borders, security issues like drugs, international fraud, civil and criminal and judicial cooperation, customs and police co-operation. With the signing of treaty of Amsterdam treaty which was implemented in 1999, member countries recognized justice and home affairs as the main priority of the unions policies. The member states adopted a five year plan which was commonly referred to as Tampere Programme and this was geared towards the development of a common policy on migration and asylum. Several measures were put in place including setting minimum standards in relation to various aspects of asylum system. There was also an increase in the operation collaboration between member states to reinforce border controls and to fight illegal immigration (Walt 1998).

Migration and asylum issues have maintained the top position in political agenda. It has also led to creation of programs aimed at controlling migration. Increased developments on the control of asylum and migration have attracted many observers among them being non governmental organizations, journalists and scholars. The numerous observers have claimed that asylum and migration have become a security threat in the EU and have resorted to using Copenhagen schools securitization theory. The idea that migration and asylum issues have been transformed into security issues in the EU has gained popularity in the current academic literature (Huysmans 2000).

Securitization of migration and asylum in the EU has gained popularity and has managed to penetrate the general accounts of EU asylum and migration policy. This is a clear indication that the fact has become a commonly held view in the literature. This has also been observed in the office of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees which has claimed that migration and asylum issues have been made security issues in the EU. With the increased popularity of migration as a security issue in the literature, there is need for scrutiny of securitization theory in details (Samers, 2004)

According to the securitization theory, security is a speech act. Security issues do not exist solely, but it results from construction by actors which are known as securitizing actors through speech acts. Securitization is considered as an inter subjective process given the role of audience of the speech act. This simply means that an issue becomes a security matter when the listeners accept it as so. For a speech to convert an issue to a security concern, its plot must follow the language of security. The person giving the speech must be holding a leadership post in the community and heshe should have powers to refer to some specific objects which are considered as a security threat. If the actor is effective in gathering support around the security subject, then he qualifies to operate in another mode (Samers, 2004)

In relation to the traditional understanding of security, security is about survival. This is in accordance with the definition of security that an attempt to make an issue a security subject is to present it as posing an existential threat to referent object of security. According to Copenhagen school, mentioning security, the actor of security gains a particular development into a particular area, making himher have a right to use anything possible to block it. As a result, security is defined as placing existential issues in politics to raise them beyond politics. When studying security, scholars are supposed to focus on the process in which an issue becomes socially transformed and identified as security threat instead of assessing the existence of real threats. The structure of securitization is concentrated on understanding which actors can speak security successfully, how the society views them and their role, and finally the results of the speech (Ober 2005).

The securitization theory of Copenhagen school has achieved an important position in security studies and has also resulted into important theoretical debates, although for some few years, the contributions of this theory have been based on theoretical and normative questions. Recently, there were attempts to try and apply the securitization structure on practical issues. This calls for apology because the findings achieved by these empirical studies could have been used to further develop and refine securitization theory (Williams 2003).

Illegal migration into EU countries has been motivated by the common belief that the workforce in these countries is aging and therefore there is need for extra labor force to sustain economic growth. Illegal migration was also fuelled by stable economic growth in Europe together with strict migration rules. The countries surrounding Europe had unstable economic growth and this could not provide enough employments for their population. Increased migration into EU member countries posed a great security threat and this facilitated the formation of a common policy to help control the situation. EU stopped migration into its member countries in 1970 and this led to influx of illegal immigrants and asylum (Huysmans 2000).

The issue of migration was transformed into a security issue by the political leaders in individual countries and Europe as a whole. The media places a significant role in creating a link between migration and security threat. Increased rates of migration were viewed as a threat to internal markets and lives of the citizens since migration was linked to terrorism.  It also posed a threat to pubic health, social situation and economic system. This led to the strengthening of border surveillance. EU later lifted the ban on migration in 1990 and this made it even easier for illegal immigrants to gain access to these countries and this increased the fear of insecurity (Ober 2005).

Migration and asylum are both considered as political issues. The main actors who participated in the transformation of these topics into securitization were the political leaders and the media. They succeed in associating migration and asylum to terrorism which is a security threat. Other actors in securitization of migration and asylum included most institutions in EU countries. The indicator of potential danger of terrorism was the September 11th attack in America. The EU members invested huge sums of money in increasing border surveillance. There was also adoption of high technology gadgets which were used to track asylums. If migration and asylum were truly security issues, EU would have invested heavily in combating the practice. It can therefore be concluded that EU securitized asylum and migration in speech but failed to take proper action. 

In Vietnam, heroin is not grown locally but its imported from the Golden Triangle. The Vietnamese politicians, army, navy, and air force are the main people who smuggle in heroin making it complex or rather too lucrative to eliminate the drug use and trafficking in the country. Hence heroin drug was readily available. The presence of the military personnel in Vietnam during the war increased the availability of heroin as well since they were the main consumers. At some point, the French military assisted the Vietnamese to transport the heroin from Lao since they had good association with the Laotian military irregulars. The demand of heroin in Vietnam increased so much and led to the Golden Triangle adopting more sophisticated process of refining opium which produced 80 to 99 of pure heroin. The teenagers sold the drug to military personnel along the streets and the maids who were cleaning theirs residences also sold them the heroin (Goldberg, 2009).

There was increased arrest for hard drugs and in 1971 the U.S army personnel of the lower ranking were approximated that 15 to 20 of them used heroin as reported by their medical officers. This was a heroin plague that was really wiping the military forces at war in Vietnam. The high use of the heroin by the military personnel was due to the fact that heroin was readily available and they wanted to avoid idleness, overcome danger, boredom, and worthlessness of their lives. The continued use, production and trafficking of the drugs have lead to very devastating effects such as the poor performance of the economy, increase in the number of people infected with AIDS, social instability throughout the country, corruption within the government officials and the increasing cases of organized gangs.

The U.S cold war was highly linked to the illegal drug trade in the Afghanistan. This is despite the fact that the United States of America had been against legal trade of opium and cocaine products. Many anti-communist operations played a significant role in growing and trafficking of the illegal drugs since the U.S partnered with the drug lords in order to assist them attained their objective. This meant that the CIA would protect them in their drug trafficking even to the United States without being arrested or even subjected to investigations. The U.S CIA was at the centre of this kind of operation even to the countries where use of such illicit drugs was not condoned. They supported the countries which used the illegal drugs and those which did not condoned it also found them with the illegal drug. The CIA funded the guerillas and provided them with fire arms (Goldberg, 2009).

In Afghanistan, the CIA supported the Mujahideen guerilla when fighting against the Soviet Union who had occupied part of their country. The Mujahideen were provided with arms and funds by the CIA with the help of Pakistans intelligence service by using their military National Logistics Cell (NLC) to transport the arms to the warlords in Afghan border. When the trucks were returning, they were heavily loaded with opium and heroin. When Soviet withdrew from Afghanistan, the U.S stopped their assistance to Mujahideen guerillas. The warlords and the armies had to be maintained hence they increased the production of opium making Afghanistan the worlds leading producer of opium. This is because they had no other source if income that could maintain them since the opium trade was the panoply of power and their economy depended on it. With all this happenings there is no evidence at all that links the CIA services with the illegal drug related trade. The U.S government being the powerful nation against the communist through the CIA had to depend on drug traffickers and indeed they did prove that they were important in the fight against communist.

American Politics and Government
Indeed, Americas founding fathers were concerned about allowing individuals too much influence over national politics leadership. Consequently, they designed a constitution that limits the powers of individuals, and instead decentralized powers to the three arms of the government namely the presidency, legislature and judiciary. The peoples participation in matters of governance is achieved through democratic elections in which they are represented by popular leaders to the two first offices. To guard against concentration of power into the hands of minority groups, the three offices are vested with equal powers to counter check each other (Madison 297). In so doing, citizens are assured of accountable and fair representation.

This is clearly demonstrated in the federal papers 10  51. The declaration of independence emphasizes three fundamental rights of man the right to life, liberty and happiness. This declaration was made as a call for independence of the American colonies from the English crown. Within the pre-independence context, the three concepts addressed key issues that resulted from colonial oppression and domination. However, the federal papers 10 and 51 were written after independence and as such, the issues they dealt with were of a domestic nature, concerned with self governance. Specifically, they touched on the question of liberty and happiness in independent America, i.e. the influence that individual citizens had in matters of governance, over their lives and by extension, how far they can go in pursuing happiness. Accordingly, the two papers argue for a collective republican government in which a central authority determines key policies, as opposed to absolute democracy delegated to individual states.

The framers were right because majority groups would easily find constitutional provisions to dictate over marginalized groups. Even the minority have got the right to liberty and happiness. The republican plan intended to avoid the dangers posed by majority groups in the name of democracy. In any human society with peoples of diverse backgrounds and interests, it is possible for conflicts to arise. In a small independent state, a few individuals will form majority and within the context of absolute democracy, effect changes which serves self interests. I think the state of democracy in America today still reflects the value of equality and fairness to all people.

The nationalist theory of federalism argued for absolutely powers in one center of authority which acted upon all individuals within its jurisdiction. Its proponents, especially John Milton, believed that a devolved democracy in which power was controlled at different levels will weaken the central government and create loopholes for conflict of interests and political instability.  Instead, a central government should protect the rights of all people in every state. Democrats supported it for its winner takes all provision. James Madison was one of the supporters of the compact theory, which argued that a nation was made of federal states under an umbrella central government. They recognized a possibility of conflicts among individual states, thus empowered each state to address state issues, while the central government intervened on matters of national interest. Their argument was that a nationalist approach will bring together groups with conflicting interests which will lead to chaos.
The commerce clause gives congress powers to regulate foreign and inter-state trade. With the tenth amendment, congress has the powers to regulate domestic trade and address intrastate conflicts related to commercial activities. Over time, the Supreme Court sometimes overrules Congressional legislations thus limiting its influence. An example is the 1945 ruling against the Arizona statute prohibiting freight trains from carrying more than 70 cars.

The concept of selective incorporation in relation to the bill of rights involves the discriminate and partial exercise of human rights. For instance, the second amendment allows individuals to keep fire arms, yet some states like Washington DC have tough anti-gun laws that violate peoples rights to own guns. Similarly, the declaration of independence gives individuals the freedom to pursue happiness, yet the state regulate the existent to which they could enjoy happiness, for instance laws against drug use and abuse.

To conduct a survey on the opinion of Americans on a number of issues, factors to consider will include their cultural background, economic status, religious beliefs and political orientation. Factors of gender, age and marital status will also influence the outcome.

Socio-economic factors influence peoples participation in the political process in several ways. For instance, wealthy individuals and investors would want a government that will lower tax rates. The positions taken by various groups in Obamas health bill are a good example. Similarly, people of high standing in society consider the influence they gain by aligning themselves with certain parties, for example the Kennedy familys role in the Obama presidency.

The collectivism perception of ideas led to the introduction of multiculturalism. This introduction was tailored in countering the West traditional culture the culture that was considered to be more loathsome than it should be according to the norms. It comes out however that the multiculturalism itself is one form of great racism that has camouflaged in politically suited clad. Supporters of multiculturalism maintain that the ethnic identity should be the most important factor in educational as well as other decisions in policy making. The result of multiculturalism can be fatal, sometimes ending up into the transformation of countries into a bunch of separatists with each country competing with others for power.

Contrary to these observations, multicultural policies and principles should ensure that the minority groups are respected, protected and treated as equals. For along time, the policies of multiculturalism have done too little to mitigate the problem of racism. In another observation, by multiculturalism ignoring the racisms problem, the multiculturalism policies can themselves augment and worsen racism. This argument is based on how the police and judges interpret the cultural differences in the context of criminal court investigations and proceedings. At the same time, this argument shows clearly how most public inquiries are carried out. Examples that show the lost direction of multiculturalism from the purpose it was meant for the fight against racism.

Multiculturalism and racism has had a great impact in the west countries in history. For instance in the United States, President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 issued an Executive Order 11246 that required all the federal contractors to take affirmative action in ensuring that all the applicants are hired. In addition, the Order provided that all the employees to be treated equally regardless to creed, color, race or the place of origin as well as women which he added two years later. President Lyndon stressed the point of equal treatment of the minorities in employment opportunities in companies, organizations, universities, government institutions and agencies.

Through the foundation that President Lyndon created in 1965, it has now become a common axiom that the only cure for racism is the promotion of ethnic and racial diversity within all social institutions. The whole impression here is racial preference when speaking about diversity awareness, diversity hiring, diversity training and so forth.

In a critical perspective, there will be attempts to judge the integrity of diversity preference in a time when anti-racism movements have produced a myriad of racial hostility and divisions, hitherto, racial diversity awareness, hiring and training or anything as it may be called, is expected to foster a cohesion that does not discriminate against the minorities. Finally, it comes out clear that the issue of thinking in terms of racism or racism confinement actually be fostering racism and not as earlier expected to mitigate the cancer of racism. To get on with the understanding of the term, multiculturalism, it is important to take each detail in its definition. Multiculturalism is defined as the cross-disciplinary and holistic discussions meant to contrast issues of culturalism, toleration and nationalism as well as philosophical backgrounds with the current evidence in indicating the extent to which these aspects are crucial in the modern world and particularly in Britain.

Historical evidence of multiculturalism in Britain date back to 1970s when there was experienced a massive emergence of multiculturalism in not only Britain but also Germany, Australia, Canada, United States and the United Kingdom. The concept of multiculturalism that came into birth during the 1970s in these nations was neither a philosophical school of thought nor a political doctrine as it was anticipated to be.

The multiculturalism concept anticipated at a scenario at which the society is culturally embedded, where different cultures represent diverse systems of vision and meaning of life. The main question that needs answering is why multiculturalism, a tool sharpened to counter racism is proofed to be failing in the modern day, yet, in the beginning of it all, the concepts of assimilation, community cohesion, and anti-racism were highly related and connected with multiculturalism.

It still remained in the blood of the British that despite a West Indian or essentially an Asian who is born in England becoming an Englishman and by the law becoming a United Kingdom citizen by birth does not become a United Kingdom native, he is still an Asian or a West Indian.

This implies that, the person of this kind, born in the United Kingdom, would have lost the citizenship of one country and gained none. This philosophy shows how intense the problem of multiculturalism has taken deep foundation in the minds of the West communities despite the ubiquitous nature of anti-racism and multiculturalism campaigns. It is of great absurdity to take people as ciphers they are individuals and should be given individual treatment. There is no point of compensating a group of people in an effort to correct the form of imagined or real injustice hitting the society. This strategy can not avoid resentment among groups instead it is possible to confirm the real racists in their views about what they think about other groups.

By being sensitized to confirm what they think about other groups, the racists are more likely to take some sort of violent actions against the minority groups. It is essential to take a color blindness perspective and especially in the work place, the most important feature to look at is the knowledge, training, honesty, ability and the integrity that is required to perform particular tasks effectively. The criterion of skin color can not give a hint on these attributes.

Prejudices and bias display about gender, religion, place of birth, gender, skin color and nationality have been common elements in most communities in the West. However, it does not serve as an excuse for leaders and those in authority in these countries to sit back as they watch problems being solved with great bias.

Instead of focusing on a group of people, individual person should be examined for any consideration involving employment opportunities or admission to universities or other institutions. The mind of collectivism has survived racism and will still remain as long as there is collectivism. Instead, there should be a general responsibility for the respect of dignity and rights of all individual persons regardless to origin or color and to stop granting or treating certain groups as special. Britain is the leading country that has exemplified the malady of multiculturalism and this has been backed up by the valiant Tony Blair. In Britain, multiculturalism perspective is comprised of the creative interplay of these complementary and important insights cultural entrenchment of the human beings, multicultural and plural constitution for all cultures and the desirability and inescapability of cultural plurality.

The underlying problem is that attempts to unite and homogenize a culture and oblige a single identity have remained equally skeptical as they present multiculturalism to be originating within it. It should be felt that all the cultures are born out of interaction of others and also absorb others influences and shaped by broader forces.

The effort to impose the culture of multiculturalism undercuts the very foundation of Eurocentrism, Afrocentrism, Indocentrism as well as other forms of centrisms that isolate the history of the culture concerned from that of other cultures and also crediting its accomplishments to its own genius. It is a misconception that a good society treasures the diversity and fosters a creative dialogue.

In Britain, there is an established Commission of Racial Equality (CRE) that is regulated by Tony Blair and watched over by a bunch of superannuated allies of the government. This Commission administers laws related to races which the same British government enacts. It appears that in Britain, the underlying principle is to have a conception that equality among people exists only among those who have their ancestors that lived in England in the last half a century.

Presumably, CRE in the interest of equality proposes that the companies should determine their workforce racial compositions among other things. This sounds like part of the strategy to destroy individual freedoms that England and the British citizens have enjoyed over a long period and a majority of the administrators of this campaign seem to come from or their ancestors originate from countries where the practice of human rights and equality does not exists or is minimal. This kind of meritocracy is best evidenced in India where the caste system included the untouchable individuals who are no w known as the Dalits or the oppressed. This semantic change has hardly seemed to be an improvement but a negative metamorphosis.

Over the last two decades, the left had shifted from the focusing on individual racist behavior to claim that racism exists in all institutions. In the famous Macpherson report, the inquiry into the death of Stephen Lawrence, a Black man, revealed that he died at the hands of a group of five alleged White youths. Following the report, the new anti-discrimination legislation was passed in 2000.

The report by Macpherson also led to the introduction of the concept of institutional racism which was meant to instill fear in the minds and hearts of the police. This fear seemed to have prevented the file and rank from effectively performing their jobs from that time as evidenced from the growing incidences of crimes.

Institutional behavior concept has greatly been extended not only to clearly observable racism behavior but also the behavior which they claim is intrinsically racism. The behavior that can clearly be seen to be racist include those that specifically exclude the non-Whites from being served in various institutions while those behaviors that are inherently racist include the adoptions of polices that while not particularly directed to the non-Whites, they nevertheless lead to their exclusion from obtaining services. This implies that racism is in the mind of the racist just the same way beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. Virtually, this implies that only the White people are seen to be racists meaning that in a situation where the White person protests about the actions of non-Whites, that complain is ignored to the point of failing to charge the non-White killer of his guilt.

It is a perverted climate where the Asians are on Blacks, Blacks on Asians, Blacks are on Blacks while the Blacks on White violence. This might not be said to be racism. In a couple of incidents, this concept is clearly shown and illustrated. For instance, a few years back, the United States press was filled with reports of a brutal killing of a man by the name James Byrd. Byrd was brutally murdered by a gang of three men in Texas in a place known as Jasper. It was claimed that the accused picked up Mr. Byrd, beat him up, chained and dragged him to death at the rear of their truck. What followed after was great condemnation from the president and the journalists as well as the politicians.

The politicians wringing their hypocritical hands, the media shedding their floods of ink and tears and the president issuing a statement that strongly condemned the act saw the act being amplified and highly publicized in the United States and across the borders. The press in the United States and also in other countries joined hands to give an enormous publicity to the act demanding an answer to the question on what form of horrifying act foreshadowed about the future of the United States. This again represented the best example of racism that is heavily entrenched in the culture of the United States.

In another example also in Jasper, Texas that occurred recently, a man named Ken Tillery was meant to hitch a ride with four men who holding him hostage, beating him and running over him with their vehicle resulting to the man being crushed to death.  Contrary to the case of Byrd, Tillerys case was received with a deafening silent without the media covering much of the story. However, the Houston Chronicle was the only press that seemed to cover a slight part of Tillerys story. The question resulting out of this observation was how this difference in the treatment of these two cases could possibly result. The explanations and the answer to this question are simple the unfortunate Tillery was White while the equally unfortunate Byrd was Black. It is called the age of racism which has given too much weight on some groups of people. Multiculturalism is therefore seen to worsen the problem of racism.

According to some reports from the justice department of the United States, a large number of inter-racial violence in the United States is committed by the Blacks against the Whites. What is astonishing is that this is not covered in the news on televisions or the newspapers. For many years even to presently, there have not been any White civil rights movements or Black hate crimes that have ever appeared in the face of the United States despite the rise in crimes committed by the Blacks against the Whites. There has not been any form of sympathy that has been expressed towards the white victims who have been attacked by the Blacks, neither is it expected any soon to have such happen in a society full of racial hypocrisy. It may even lead to the activation of the witch-hunters into the streets the moment the rights of the whites are defended to denounce the attacks on the white people by the black people.

In a more recent scenario, another assumption was manifested that the sniper that terrorized Virginia, Washington and Maryland was a white gunman it was never thought of even to an inch that the man was a black and the question in majority of peoples mind was, how would it be that a black man attacks Washington, Maryland and Virginian

The perception led to the police puling over the white vans and leaving the blacks with salient peace It was later reported that due to the police tactic of using racial profiling, they had missed to arrest the real suspects for many times. After that, it was then when the authorities found their suspect.

The suspect went against the stereotype and he turned out to be an African American who was a Muslim convert and a member of Louis Farrakhans Nation of Islam as well as a sympathizer with the September 11th 2001 attack. However, according to the law in the United States, the suspects have to be tried and are therefore presumed innocent unless proved guilty.

In England, the promotion of multiculturalism has brought the same impact as in the United States. It is called multiculturalism or multiracialism and the broadcasting organ of the state, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) has brought such publicity. Gone are days when the BBC was believed to present a truthful and a balanced truthful account of the events that happened. The BBC was never thought to hold any propaganda from the government or the leaders in the distortion of the real events in the support of political aspirations.  Although this seemed to have changed and BBC is now transformed to the better, the irreverent individuals still refer BBC as the Blair Broadcasting Corporation.

On one of the BBCs websites, that was part of the months event of analyzing the Black History, there was a paean to the Multi-racial Britain presented by Diane Abbott, a Labor MP of the African origin. Ms. Abbott was educated at Newnham College in Cambridge and she has served as a civil servant, journalist and broadcaster.  She presents the case that from the time when the Anglo-Saxon Britain was invaded by Norman French, there has been a culturally diverse nation in the United Kingdom, but since different nationalities had same skin color, the issue of racial diversity that existed within the British Isles was easily ignored.

In any case, Abbott mentions that even if color was equated to racial diversity, the blacks have been in the Britain for many years (centuries).it is documented that the earliest blacks in Europe were probably the black roman centurions who came hundreds of years even before Christ himself. In addition, during the queen Elizabeths time, there used to be a number of blacks in the Britain.

In general terms, the concept of multiculturalism has misled the real meaning of racial diversity. The expected action by organization, companies, universities and all authorities is the equal treatment of all the persons without adding so much undeserved weight to one group of people. Regardless to skin color, place of origin or gender and age, all people have to be treated equal and given the rights they deserve.

1. What is the difference among Latin, South, and Central America
Latin America includes countries south of United States including the South American countries. Except in Brazil where Portuguese is the national language, Spanish is the common language in Latin American Countries. South America includes countries south of Mexico to north of Colombia. They have diverse cultures.

2. Can the U.S. stop the flow of drugs from South America What has been our track record so far
U.S cannot stop the flow of drugs from South America unless parents, teachers and community act together and wean away the youth from the dreaded addiction by positive actions and constant monitoring. When the demand for drugs among the youth disappear, drug mafia within and across the borders find it non profitable to pedal drugs and spread addiction.

3. What created dependency in Latin America What could end it
Lack of alternative sources of employment, slower economic growth, and weak government machinery gave impetus to the growth of drug mafia with high political connections and created them to be dependent on drug trade. Massive thrust to alternative sources of employment and strict government machinery to control drug trade can end it.

4. What is the cause of the global population problem What can be done about it
High fertility rates in poor and underdeveloped nations and the causes for rapid growth in global population problem. Adopting modern methods for increasing agricultural production, creating employment opportunities and improving standards of living will sure prevent further population explosion.

5. Why have some Global South lands tried socialist economic development What have been the results
They believed that free enterprise and free market led to the inequities which made some very rich and the vast majority very poor. However most of the countries gave up rigid adherence to the socialist model and encourage market economies with the participation of both the state owned and privately owned sectors helping faster growth rates. 6. If Adam Smiths and David Ricardos ideas on free trade and comparative advantage make such good sense, why is it so difficult to get them accepted
Every country has policies that tend to protect local industry, agriculture and employment to prevent economic collapse. The cheap labor in China and other Asian countries already made them the fastest growing economies, racing to displace the developed nations including the U.S. as the prime global economic movers. No country today can give up protectionism and embrace free trade and pure demand supply economic models. The large growth in U.S imports from China and the near collapse of U.S. prove once again that protectionism of local economy can prevent economic collapse.

The process of understanding the surrounding facets of criminal behavior stems from the capacity to deduce important factors shaping these acts. Here, it considers the value of behavior and psychological aspects that provide better ways to address these issues accordingly. Seeing this, the aspect of juvenile delinquency is an essential process shaping the psychology of criminal behavior because of its ability to illustrate the evolution of criminal acts through time, determine factors that promote such acts, and establish better psychological analysis in criminal behavior. It is through such aspects that experts can gain better inputs in comprehending this part of human behavior.

One important reason why the study of juvenile delinquency is vital in the study of psychology of criminal behavior revolves around the studys ability to provide insights on how such acts can evolve over time. Here, considerable trends can be deduced on how the level of behavior shifts over time either resulting to criminal or acceptable behavior. Seeing this, psychologists can then determine approaches to mitigate this problem and provide better ways to address the value of new methods of addressing such deviant behaviors (Criminal Justice Behavior, 1994).

At the same time, given the fact that it provides an analogy of the evolution of crime, this aspect serves also as a bridge for psychologists and experts to determine appropriate modes of action in the individual level. It is through this that careful analysis of behavior and tendencies may showcase particular disorders and provide avenues for treatment and facilitation (Science Daily, 2009).

Another important impact of Juvenile delinquency to psychology of criminal behavior revolves around determining factors that influence delinquent or deviant behaviors. Since these actions can be manifested at an early age, there are possible facets (biological, environmental, and social) that influence such onsets. Given these, it becomes essential for psychologists to understand and determine these traits because it can provide better inputs on what areas to address as early as possible. This can then help prevent the escalation of such deviant acts which could later result to criminal deeds.

Seeing this, the traits, personality, and responses by these children serve as vital data to help understand their relationships altogether and provide numerous ways to facilitate engagement. At the same time, such process can also seek out and improve the institutional realm by providing new rules and methods to address juvenile delinquents. Here, it does not only provide reprimand to these children but at the same time encourage renewal of their capacity to abide and respond to social standards in a more positive aspect (Criminal Justice and Behavior, 1994).

The last reason why juvenile delinquency is important to the psychology of criminal behavior is its ability to further understand its relationship with psychology. Since the acts committed by these children exhibit a common behavior, one aspect that can illustrate and explain it further is the realm of psychology (Steiner, 1999). Here, it does not only correspond to the offense they had committed, it also justifies why these actions have been committed in the first place. Here, the psychology of criminal behavior comes into the process because of its capacity to utilize and synthesize these realities and provide appropriate interpretations to such acts accordingly. It does not seek out to justify these childrens actions but rather provide a better way to understand and capitalize on these apparent issues.

In the end, to fully appreciate the conditions shaping criminal behavior, it is essential to look at the roots of the problem. The idea of studying juvenile delinquency not only adheres to such capacity but also provides psychologists with ample ideas and inputs towards the motivation and ability of individuals to engage in such behavior. It is through such capacity that it is essential to further look into these processes and provide better ways to address current issues surrounding criminal behavior.

Nazism has been regarded as a driving force in the historical context of the human history. Nazism is a phenomenon that denotes the Nazi party and the ideology of Adolf Hitlers government in Nazi Germany during 1933 to 1945. The concept of Nazism is categorized in the right wing of the ideologies. Nazism was actually consolidated in the history as a result of the severe consequences of Weimer Germany before the World War I. Nazism reflect the ideologies that were accustomed together by Adolf Hitler for the purpose of getting the moral ambiguity cleared among the Germans. Nazism cannot be defined clearly through a definition because its background is brief in nature and includes many historical events that resulted in the ideology of Nazism, Holocaust that is regarded as a slavery and ironic act in the government of Adolf Hitler. A great number of historians and scholars have made a contribution in researching Nazism and its broad history. In this paper we shall discuss Nazism comprehensively and its historical consolidation as an ideology. The phenomenal objectivity of Nazism will be discussed in the context of the central concept of writers Sigmund Freud and Zygmunt Bauman in their literary analytical works Civilizations and its Discontent and The Uniqueness and Normality of the Holocaust respectively.

Sigmund Freuds work Civilizations and its discontent elaborates the meaning of a civilization as a process and makes the ground basis of the behaviors that are associated in the society where a civilization grows as the members of the society start to run for a common goal. The communal behavior in a society that results in the growth of the peer granules of a civilization must be powerful in its limit so that there is no possibility of endangering the future of the civilizations. Sigmund Freud had made account in his book Civilizations and its Discontent that it should be noted carefully that a powerful group with control over the force nature could be danger in many regards. The impact that one powerful group over the force nature could eliminate humans and future of a civilization (Freud).
Sigmund Freuds work could be regarded as prophetic because by the time his book was published, Nazism took its toll over the failed Germans of First World War. Sigmund Freuds theory could easily be applied on the circumstances of the government of Adolf Hitler in 1933. In the same time period, Adolf Hitlers ideology came in the fold of awareness of Germans that was given the name of Nazism. Following the ideological agreement of Germans to the ideology of Nazism, Adolf Hitler practiced propaganda and gave the symbol of swastikas (Freud).

Nazism is not a regime that was applied forcefully by Adolf Hitler. In fact Nazism is an ideology that shaped the minds of millions of Germans because the German nation was greatly pushed towards the notions of depression after the First World War as there was a constant pressure of failure on the army. Nazism became a more dominant driving force for the nation and everyone took its complete impact on the way they lived their lives in the obscurity of constant depression (Bessel).

Nazism is a fascist ideology and is completely based upon warfare tactics to combat the poor socio-economic consequences of the Germans. Some of the scholars believe that Nazism is a phenomenal objectivity that turned a more positive aspect of a nation to stand from obscurity. But on the other hand a great deal of historians and political believe that fascism had never be able to keep a nation on a state of solidarity for long. According to the critical acclaim to the Nazis theory, many rejects the idea of Nazism and consider that Nazism worked as a creator of national character and brought the German nation under the one hut of enthusiasm that led them to their path of socio-economic development but on the other hand, Nazism had a disturbing action on the global relation of Germany with rest of the world (Crew).

Nazism can be regarded as the generator of racism. The ideological clash between Nazism and democratic regime highlighted a list of events in the post First World War that gave rise to racism all around the world. Some of the historians even claim that post First World War era was the period of intense communal racism era.

To Adolf Hitler the main reason behind the downfall of Germans and failure in the First World War was due to the fact that Germany had many Marxists living in the region. Moreover Adolf Hitler concluded that the Jews were the people who are to be blamed for the whole massacre that took place in the Germany and led the country to the most chaotic situation in the First World War. Scholars question regarding the base of the blame to the reason of failure of German nation due to Marxists seems ineffable as to only Adolf Hitler believed on his theories and ideologies that were followed by the Germans because most of them believed that getting ahead in the light of Adolf Hitlers conclusion of failure in the First World War was the right option. Adolf Hitlers belief was greatly dependent on his observation that trans-culture of diversity in different ethnicity could be a possible reason behind the weakening of a nation. (Bauman)

According to Sigmund Freud, the ideologies that were consolidates by Adolf Hitler greatly based upon the state of super ego nature. Sigmund Freud is regarded as a milestone in the study of psychology as he managed to introduce the method of analyzing the psyche of people through psychoanalysis. One can find the indirect psychoanalysis of Adolf Hitler in his work civilizations and its discontent (Freud).
The observations and ideologies of Adolf Hitler proved to be super ego status as described in the work of Sigmund Freuds Civilizations and its Discontents. Sigmund Freuds theory highlights the need to study the childhood of Adolf Hitler whose brain had been the master behind consolidation of the great ideologies into a single ideology of Nazism. Sigmund Freud includes the psychological instantaneous concepts that are applicable to the historical ground of Nazism. Nazism even became a main constituent in the psychology of the Nazis because it was rooted in the nature and psychologies of the Nazi Germans (Bauman).

If one would consider evaluating the lifelong experiences of Adolf Hitler and relate the childhood Adolf Hitler to the Nazism than there could be a lot of psychoanalytical concept that would come in our observation and which has been described in the book Civilizations and its discontent. The author Sigmund Freuds beginning line of his very first chapter completely provides an introduction to Adolf Hitler and Nazism in an indirect outlook of chosen words. It is impossible to escape the impression that people commonly use false standards of measurement that they seek power success and wealth for themselves and admire them in others and hat they underestimate what is of true value in life.The quote from the Civilizations and its Discontents provides a contextual elaboration to the conceptual ideology of Adolf Hitler namely, Nazism (Freud). 

Nazism had a severe impact on the social issues as Nazism resulted in holocaust. Holocaust is merely discussed as the murder of millions of people which were mainly observed to be Jews. But the murder of millions of people also included gypsies and people from many trans-cultures. The order behind the holocaust was mainly from Adolf Hitler because to him the national character and national identity could get the best out of the German nations and Marxists were against the objectivity of Adolf Hitler.
Holocaust is one of the most historical events that have been researched vastly by a great number of scholars and historians. Bauman Zygmunt is a famous scholar who has been successful to write in regards of holocaust and the factors that were involved in the act of tyranny or in other words holocaust.

According to Bauman Zygmunt, the only reason behind the holocaust that has been explained as the murder of thousands of Jews and sub nations was the lack of democracy. Bauman explains in his work that nations can easily get away with the situations of extreme circumstances on the basis of effective leadership not just idealistic contrast of leadership. Moreover, a nation is capable of attaining a balanced political stature with the help of regime of democracy. Adolf Hitler and his ideology Nazism greatly worked in the response of fascism. The dictator conscience worked for the German nation in contrast of the political dismay. But implication of Nazism as an ideological state craft turned in a more crucial antidote that instead resulted in the murder of millions of Jews (Bauman).

Bauman Zygmunt claims in his work that it would have taken two hundred years to kill a great count of people that were killed the holocaust. The question that arises is that why Adolf Hitler carried out the event of killing of mass majority Bauman Zygmunt answers this question in his work Modernity and the Uniqueness of Holocaust that Hitler carried out the ever in order to create a world order to regulate the de-motivated morals of the German nation. The reason behind the mass killing ordered by Hitler was to gain a social status for the Germans. Bauman Zygmunt also claims in his work that Hitler did not carried out holocaust to capture a larger territorial regions but rather a good social feature for the German nation (Bauman).

Bauman also claims that holocaust was never ordered in the very first place. There were certain stages before the execution of the millions of Jews that contained segregation, deporting to their respective native regions and then executing (Bauman).

Adolf Hitler had a very strong instinct power that led the ideologies of Germans and turning the ill-fated lives of millions of people into life of a Nazi. Bauman also created critical quoting by elaborating the need of the institution that would have stopped the execution of millions of people during the holocaust. Church did not even have the implication over the order by Adolf Hitler. The executions were carried out easily in the shape of a fair game. Zygmunt Bauman describes in the fifth chapter Sealing off the Victims of his work that the execution of the Jews became quite easy for the Nazis because they were initially divided in terms of difference in spirituality and then followed by mental separation. Jews were regarded as poor in terms of sanitation. The unclean race was thus humiliated and left aside by other races and this distance made execution easy and approachable for the German nation. The creation of difference was not a mere coincidence and was a pre-planned action of the Germans to delete the amount of Marxists from the region and to get back to the high power authority (Crew).

Bauman also mentions that Jews were rather given a fundamental game to play during the holocaust. The Jews had the only option to save themselves from the execution by changing their status to non Jews. That was only possible way that they had in front of them as a survival and many of them were saved from the execution because some of them successfully changed their status into the non Jews by getting married to non-Jews. It was also observed that some of the Jews were successful in saving their families because they were elites in the pre-war era (Bauman).

Bauman had also mentioned some of the most notable important topics of holocaust such as the main terminology of genocide in his work that completely provide an insight to the brief background of holocaust. Jews were sent to the concentration camps called as ghettos to eliminate their moral values. Bauman describes in the section rationality of self-preservation that Jews were taken to ghettos and were left to play the game for life and death by getting enough food to live at the expense of hunger of another person. Similarly, author also describes that Jews were left be dependent upon their luck that they wanted to change by getting the part of another Jews and survive. Someone had to die because the other Jewish got the food to eat (Bauman).

German authorities deported a large amount of people from German Reich to the ghettos. It was estimated that the amount of people who were deported from the German Reich were some 500000 Jews between the time period of 1941 to 1942. It was then when they were deported to ghettos, the police shot the majority. The minority of Jews were in fact counted as left to survival in ghettos as a part of a plan to execute them. Such quantities of Jews were in fact forced to work as laborers and to gain benefits from their working skills (Bessel).

It is believed that history repeats itself and many events in the world have been experienced again but holocaust has its uniqueness that had never been experienced in the modern sociology again. Genocide had been for sure not to be implemented in the modern sociology as the world has more territorial based ideologies which tend to somewhere come along in the global politics today. Moreover, the human rights commission is more punctual than the world order in the easily 1930s. The German race on the basis of ideological Nazism faced a great transition of two extremes. Firstly the extreme of the depression was faced by the German nation and then secondly the extreme of constant victory (Bessel).

Another account by Sigmund Freud is that the faiths and ideology are built upon the basis of super ego nature. Such an account could easily be related to the ideology of Nazism.  Ideology of Nazism purely introduced the concept of ego. Nazis thought of themselves as a superior nation. Nazis were considered themselves as the superior nation and led the fates of the inferior castes in the region to the disillusioned holocaust. The conceptual context of Sigmund to the ego, super ego and ID in the book has been clearly notified on the basis of the application of such states to the human child whose behavior and ideologies turn with the passage of the years and experiences. In the same way Nazism had been regulating its super ego nature with the passage of time and contributors and defenders who took the ideological contrast by Adolf Hitler regarding Nazism were noted to have the impact of superiority dividing caste and sub cultures to different inferiority.

Both the writers making divergent claims on the Nazism and the result of the Nazism, holocaust simply provides their central ideas and views regarding Nazism on the basis of historical and conceptual context. Bauman tends to believe that to the Nazis Germans it was the right path to get the millions of people or people from sub-cultures to get executed because in this way there would have been a rise of a new world order where the other millions of people could live with a socio-economic development and a standard that could be followed to live peacefully and attain power to practice politics globally and domestically. The actions conducted by the Germans were taken on the basis of regulating the key factors to enlighten among the other politically developed countries. 

Whereas the other author Sigmund Freud mentioned in the paper namely claims that one person can lead the whole count of masses to a positive or a negative tenure. The actions led by Adolf Hitler can either be regarded as positive or negative because his actions tends to be potential enough to make a driving change in the history of Germany. Consequently the type of revolutionary claims by Adolf Hitler ordained a great deal of change in the region of Weimer Germany.

On the basis of a broader outlook and insight theoretical basis by Sigmund Freud in Civilizations and discontents and Bauman Zygmunt in the book The Uniqueness and Normality of the Holocaust, we can conclude that Nazism was applied to attain a gradual conductive manner to regulate the world order rather than an expedition to get more territorial grounds. Nazism worked as a generator of national identity and national character for the Nazi Germans but at the same time generated a great deal of racism against gypsies, Jews and many other cultures around the world. Holocaust resulted as the mean of getting rid of all the negative factors that worked for the failure of Germany in First World War. Great scholars have also made account that Nazism and Fascist ideologies tends to demoralize the equating generalities of global politics. Moreover, the super ego status also tends to demoralize humanity if taken in a wrong direction as to a great extent was led by Adolf Hitler.