Political Science

Rudolph  Rudy  Giuliani served as mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001.  As mayor of one of the largest cities in the world, and not to mention, cosmopolitan, Giuliani experienced a very tumultuous and challenging tenure as mayor as he handled many different problems in New York City ranging from crime to sanitation. But perhaps his  finest hour  as mayor came when he managed the crisis following the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 (911).  It was here that Giulianis leadership mettle was tested his management of the disaster closely mirrored that of Winston Churchill during the Second World War.  He was not only there to help out but as the local chief executive, he inspired New Yorkers to rise up again.  He lifted their morale when it mattered the most.

If there is one leadership quality Giuliani is adept at and which made him worthy to be mayor was his communication skills. Critics of communication and leadership often use Giuliani as an example to state important ideas regarding the role of communication in being an ideal and effective leader, in the process, saying something about Giulianis brand of leadership. The focus of the discussion in this paper is regarding one of Rudy Giulianis leadership skills that is communication, how he applied it and its overall impact on his leadership abilities. The paper will also focus during the time he served as mayor of the city of New York, all the way to the September 11 attack which tested Giulianis abilities as a leader and as a communicator with charisma, persuasiveness and inspiration.

Rudy Giuliani has been considered by many analysts and critics as an excellent leader and a commendable communicator. An important aspect of Giulianis career that cemented him as an excellent leader and communicator is his stint as mayor of New York and his handling of the 911 crisis. Giuliani has rendered long years in public service which was characterized by his excellent leadership and communication skills. These were magnified when he served as mayor that coped with the 911 crisis that appalled the world. New York Citys amazing recovery from the attack was a testimony to his leadership and management skills.  During the 911 crisis, Giuliani was able to move people, to have people follow even when they appear to be immobilized by grief. When Giuliani he talks with emotion, his body language accentuates the feeling he tries to convey. He raises his hands, makes a fist, stares with fiery conviction to his audience and lets the words fall from his mouth with the same amount of conviction as seen in many occasions (Maxwell, 81). He addressed the United Nations a month after the attack, he spoke with a passion, promising a course of action for New York which included the pursuit of rehabilitation and recovery and their role in fighting terrorism in a national and global scale to the post 911 remembrance ceremony. During the first year anniversary which Giuliani graced after stepping down as mayor, he was still emotional in his words but is possessed that chasrisma.

Valente explained that Giuliani believes that being a good leader and a communicator is being a person who is born with such abilities and characteristics and able to consistently harness it and put it to good use every day (Valente, 15). Giuliani is not afraid to speak in front of a lot of people. Every time he does, he makes sure that what he has to say has substance, may it be the things on his mind or the things that he writes down. It is both an ability and talent because not everyone possesses and uses such a characteristic. Giuliani, fortunately, is gifted with leadership and communication skills that allowed him to effect positive resolution of any kind of situation that would be thrown at him.

Giulianis communication skills are characterized by charisma and persuasion. Through his words, he can persuade people to action without sounding too bossy or being overly domineering. People find his words as something that they can easily believe and rely on and are easily convinced to the point they would follow him willingly. Giuliani was able to effectively integrate his charismatic personality with his communication skills which made it him effective in getting his message across.

During the 911 crisis, the people were devastated but they were not leaderless. Giuliani made sure his people believed and relied on him. He made sure he was persnoally there at Ground Zero to lead in the disaster management efforts as his duty as the local chief executive demands it and to let people know he was one with them during these trying times (Giuliani, 4-5).  He wanted to see the situation with his own eyes rather than rely on his subordinates to feed him reports from the field.  Micromanaging is not his style, most especially during this crisis.  He persuaded them towards a particular attitude and mindset that was important in the start of the rebuilding process following the tragedy. In news videos where he was featured, Giuliani used both emotion as well as a sense of direction to provide a stable pillar from which the people can start rebuilding. If it was any other leader who was not as good as Giuliani in communicating, the outcome of the rebuilding of NYC after 911 would have gone on a different direction.  This would remind one of the contrast in New Orleans following the aftermath of the devastation brought by Hurricane Katrina where relief efforts were slow which indicated that there existed a failure in communication somewhere along the line.

There are other things that helped Giuliani become an effective communicator. For example, Giulianis appearance as a fatherly figure enhances the impact of the message that Giuliani is trying to send. When people see him speaking, his elderly father-like demeanor, strengthened by his physical features, gives him a warm aura. It gives people a reassuring and comforting feeling as though their father is talking to them in a consoling tone. The people are inclined to follow him because of the trust that they give to Giuliani similar to the trust they would give to their father. Giulianis mannerism - or lack of it - also helped him become an effective communicator because mannerisms often cause distraction in the part of the audience.

The September 11 was also an opportunity for Giuliani. The tragedy enabled him to display the ability and full extent of his communication skills, to direct and give direction to agencies and put order in the midst of the chaos, and more importantly, to console as well as to reassure the people (Valente, 5) who are devastated by the gravity of what was lost during the terrorist attack. Giuliani and his words gave the people hope after the traumatic experience. His helping hand somewhat alleviated the suffering of New Yorkers and urged them to stand up and help rebuild their city, both physically and emotionally. The importance of being able to share what is on the mind of the leaders, like Giuliani, to the people and vice versa is an important aspect of leadership. It is a conduit to the creation and undertaking of effective solutions. This is something that Valente talked about in his article (Valente, 5). Valente explained that during the 911 crisis, one of Giulianis strong characteristics as an effective leader was his ability to communicate with the people in different ways and in different situations, communicating with the people he was trying to console as well as the people he was trying to lead, pushing when the situation called for it (Valente, 5).

More than that, Giuliani was also credited for communicating to his underlings and subordinates during the crisis management. Even though he was the local chief executive, he cannot know everything. He admits he is not God.  He encouraged or urged his staffers and appointees to display initiative to put constructive ideas forward especially in times of crisis management when the problem that to be solved is overwhelming (Valente, 26). This is a positive leadership characteristic for Giuliani hinged on his communication abilities, being able to articulate what he wanted to say and what is necessary during the crisis which fostered positive action and reaction from people and agencies involved during the 911 crisis.

According to Adubato, Giulianis messages when he tries to communicate to the people are perceived by the receivers of the message as something genuine. The communicator in Giuliani is empowered by compassion since Giuliani approaches a situation by trying to feel what his people are feeling. This was seen during 911 and how he communicated his messages to the people. Responding to the crisis on September 11, 2001, New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani was thinking with his heart as a human being involved with the American people and he came across as a strong and compassionate leader and communicator (Adubato 90).  What is so significant about it was Giuliani lived his messages, not simply say them (Maxwell, 29).

What is the significance of communication - and Giulianis ability for communication as a leader - during the immediate post 911 crisis management  For one, communication allowed Giuliani to lead the people forward, taking concrete steps so that they could be able to rise above the ashes. Communication was important because it acted as trigger for pro-active movement when the world seemed to stand still after the attack in panic and shock. 911 created a very big and complex problem for New York City and for the United States, but it does not mean that there is no solution to this problem. The problem is that without communication, any solution is useless.

As Turner explains it in his book tackling communication, its no use having the solution if we cant communicate it (Turner, ix). New York and the United States were able to recover after the 911 crisis because of solutions that were effectively laid out and executed, disseminated to the different agencies operating in and around ground zero and in other hotbeds during the 911 crisis. A large factor in this success is the effective leadership of Giuliani, whose leadership is characterized by his ability to communicate to the people. Action and re-action has to start somewhere. Giuliani believes that  People who live in freedom have more strength than those who live in oppression (Valente, 8).  The words of Giuliani were the beacon of light that pointed towards the direction that the people should take. In hindsight, no one could say that Giuliani or anyone could have done a better job than what was accomplished there. Giulianis manner of communicating during the 911 crisis galvanized him as a true effective leader. He communicated with the people with a sense of clarity and direction, and not just pure emotional babble which can only make things worse and are detrimental to the progress of rebuilding when the leaders are purely emotional. Adubato explained that in times of crisis or when under intense pressure, a leader must remain calm and be able to speak from the heart to gain the support and trust of others who rely on him or her for information, direction and inspiration (Adubato, 90).

Communication as integral to leadership is not just about barking orders decisively. While this is important, this is not always the case. It is also important that the messages also carry with it a message of inspiration. In the 911 crisis, Giuliani was active in giving important orders, while at the same time, he too was heard by people speaking inspirational words to comfort them and motivate them. Flynn believes that one of the brightest stars in Giulianis 911 crisis communication was how Giuliani tapped into the New York spirit and used it to inspire and motivate the people. In the aftermath of the 911 terrorist attacks, the world watched mayor Rudolph Giuliani, brilliantly rediscover the spirit and resilience of  The New Yorker  and articulate it in a new and compelling way that helped to rally the city at a time of great uncertainty and distress (Flynn, 108).

Turner further explains that we see the communicator as a great leader (Turner, ix). Because of this, the assessment of Giulianis extent of ability for effective leadership depends largely on his ability to be a communicator and in his skill set affecting communication. The leader is expected to connect with the people he or she wants to lead. Without this, effective leadership is impossible. Because of this, professional analysts always point the primeval tendency, instinct and characteristic most basic to every individual - communication. The leader should be able to communicate with the people so that the direction is enjoyed and appreciated by the group. Communication is one of the most fundamental actions that link one human being to another (Turner, ix).

If this is true, the leader should be able to communicate to each and every one of his subordinates or the people so that he or she can send the message, and at the same time, receive the message that is important in effectively leading a group. In the effort to assess Giulianis characteristic as a leader and a communicator, it is important to explore and look at the aspect of how he reaches and touches the base with the people he served, and if he has been successfully doing that or otherwise. In times of crisis, one of the most important immediate tasks of the leader is to be able to re-organize the group or society. Crisis and catastrophe have an effect of breaking people down, because of loss lives and property, which triggers a psychological backlash in feelings of desperation, depression and hopelessness. Professionals believe that leadership in times of crisis starts with being able to unify the people again immediately after the crisis so that the collective course of action is better approached. There is a better chance of recovering if it is a collective effort.

The 911 tragedy is a real life example of this condition. Giuliani is expected to be the leader to unify the people and get them back on their feet towards reconstruction and recovery.  He was able to do this, humbly , through communication, considering the fact that communication is one of the most fundamental actions that links one human being to another (Montalbano, 2). It is the fiber that binds together social relationships  and it is the basis of progress in our society (Turner, ix).

Giuliani himself admitted that communication is an important aspect of his leadership style. This means Giuliani is not only cognizant of the importance of communication but is also consciously integrating communication as part of his successful leadership strategy. However, his abilities as a communicator are not merely something that Giuliani talks about. More importantly, professionals who tackle the importance of communication in leadership cite Giuliani and his leadership and communication skills and commend it - a proof and testament to the ability of Giuliani to lead and to communicate. If qualified, competent and credible people are the ones who are talking about ones characteristics, like Giulianis leadership and communication skills. Giuliani once uttered,  Leaders are made, though they are born first (Valente, 7).  It means that there is more than a grain of truth to this scenario. Giuliani is a terrific public communicator (Adubato, 50). For Valente, Giuliani is a master communicator (Valente, 32) who, especially during the 911 crisis, utilized his ability as a communicator to help heal a city trying to stand up after a devastating blow. Adubato describes his speaking skills as something that is powerful and engaging (Adubato, 50).

Giulianis communication style is diverse. Sometimes he uses passionate language to stir emotions. In other occasions, he speaks his minds in simple wordings. When he led the prayer in lieu of 911, he used strong emotional words like  darkest days  and  finest hours  (On September 11th, New York City suffered the darkest day in our history. It is now up to us to make this our finest hour). He described people in bold, brave adjectives, like  heroes  (All of them were heroes). When he left office he was content in using simple words and phrases, opening up with Thank you very much instead of the poignant or smart one-liners. This style of communication shows how Giuliani is aware of the power of communication and the importance in knowing how to communicate using the most suitable approach from the very diverse and complex collection of possible communication styles. This makes him an effective communicator, and in the process, an effective leader.

What people say is important, more importantly, if it determines the fate of a whole city. What Giuliani has to say to the people after the 911 attack has displayed itself in all its gore and grim. It was important because Giuliani was their leader. They look to him for direction. Giuliani relied on his ability to communicate to reach people in different levels. He empowered them, inspired them, consoled them, and made them believe in the presence of hope, justice and a better tomorrow. If a leader can do that, his leadership is unquestionable. Giuliani cemented his legacy as a leader through his communication skills he displayed, most importantly, in the aftermath of the 911 crisis.

In this proposed study, we seek to examine issues in the workplace that are having a negative impact on the employees and the organization as a whole.  The first case would examine change management, while the second would consider the impact of inadequate training.  The organization at the heart of this study is Abu Dhabi Customs Administration.

The Abu Dhabi Customs Administration is located in the Al Ain International Airport, and it employs 150 people.  The Administration plays a vital role in promoting the economy and ensuring the safety of the State.  Customs Administration is the first line of defense and has been established in order to protect society and the people.  The Customs Administration also helps to facilitate export and trade.  Well organized and regulated border crossings are essential to the continued prosperity of the State.  In recent years, the Administration has expanded in order to accommodate growth in the airport as well as increased tourism and trade.

Literature Review
The role of customs and its importance is well established in existing literature related to airport management.  Research has noted that customs agencies are playing an increasingly important role, as the volume of world trade conducted by air continues to grow, particularly by companies such as Fedex and UPS (Kadza  Caves, 2007, p. 216).  Boeing, one of the leaders in the field of aviation, predicts that air cargo will continue to increase at 6.1  yearly worldwide (Kadza  Caves, 2007, p. 217).  Recent events, most notably increased terror activity worldwide, have ensured that customs agencies play a leading role in the providing greater security, both at a local and national level (Wells  Young, 2004, p. 219).   

The researcher notes that there is a lack of current research that addresses contemporary issues in the field of customs administration.  This lack may be tied specifically to issues around management and human resources.  Early research conducted by Appeals  Struye de Swielande (1998) helped to define current issues in the field of customs administration.  This research also marks a turning point in the popular image of customs administrators.  Appeals  Struye de Swielande suggest that technological advances as well as an increase in time-sensitive trade have helped to push the role forward into a more modern context.  Another area of existing research is the field of supply chain management and logistics.  Industry has long recognized the importance of customs administration to ensuring efficient trade practices (Haughton  Desmeules, 2001 Heaver, 1992).  While these issues are important, the researcher recognizes that there is a need to examine both managerial practices and working culture within customs administration.  Serious problems can and do arise in this workplace, and it is important to address these issues using established management techniques.

Identification of Knowledge
As indicated in the previous section, there are important gaps in knowledge in the field of study.  While considerable attention has been paid to the logistical aspects of customs administration, comparatively little has been paid to the actual functioning of these office environments.  This study proposes that the working culture within these organizations would benefit from the application of best practices in human resources development and management.

Statement of Problems
This research proposes to address two problems.  These case studies are based on issues observed by the research in his workplace.  The first scenario concerns change management, and the second training and development.  A brief overview of each case follows.

In the first case, the situation is as follows.  Both the external and internal environment within Abu Dhabi Customs Administration are constantly changing.  It is frequently necessary for either the Director or his Deputy to issue new directions.  Unfortunately, there is not a great deal of consultation with staff before these directions are made.  There seems to be little investigation on the impact of these changes or consideration of how they will be implemented.  As a result, these changes create considerable unrest within the workplace.  Therefore, this case will consider how the organization might adopt a different strategy for change.

In the second case, the circumstances are related to the existing staff training systems.  At present, the organization is not able to provide all of its employees with access to training.  Priority is being given to upper level and administrative staff.  The problem is further exacerbated by the fact that the budget allocation is very small.  As a result of these circumstances, the annual staff evaluations are very poor, thus affecting morale and the overall standards within the organization.  Consequently, this case will investigate ways to address the training issue by proposing new approaches.

Objectives and Limitation
In this project, the researcher hopes to incorporate best practices in business management to the context of customs administration.  Many of the theories and techniques are highly transferable, and it is believed that this application will help ensure the more efficient running of the organization.

Hypotheses
It is believed that there has been a tendency within the organization to either overlook or underestimate the importance of adhering to best business practices, i.e. change management, training and development.  Accordingly, it is believed that if some of these theories are applied to this environment there will be a substantial improvement in performance and job satisfaction.

Research Methods
This research will be based primarily on participant observation.  The researcher has first-hand knowledge of the organization and will use his observations to develop the case study.  This approach will be augmented by readings in the field of change management and human resource management, as well as motivational theories.

Significance
This research will make an important contribution to the field of knowledge by applying existing theories and techniques to a business setting where they have been overlooked.  In addition, the findings will likely be transferable to a range of different settings.

In any given State or country, separation of power is very important in defining the limits of every organ and functions in the government. The American constitution is based on federal system and the powers of every organ are well defined in the constitution. Every organ has got a role to play in the State and the constitution even explains the rights and the fundamental role of the State.

Separation of power
In the United States, according to Sheehan (1996), there are three major organs that shares power the Judiciary that is more concerned with the legal issues, Executive and the Legislative organ. The main reason why powers are separated is to ensure that there are checks and balances in governance as every organ is responsible for a given role as stipulated in the constitution. Even though most people argue that the constitution of America was more of a Monarch system and there was no true separation of powers. As many people view it, the powers are technically separated in the constitution. However, there are still certain features that vary from one organ to another and therefore power can be said to be divided between the three organs.

The Executive powers
The executive organ is the most important organ in the power structure and separation of powers in the constitution as it has the Veto powers vested on the President, to command the military since heshe is the Commander in Chief. However, the President should ensure that good laws are passed by the congress as stated in the constitution. The executive has the power to oppose allocation of money for other uses that are not relevant and can wage war against the move made by the congress .The executive can declare the state of emergency, pardon and can also overrule the judiciary and appoint the judges.

Legislative powers
According to Cullingworth (1997), the legislative body has got the power to approve and pass the law they can also amend the law and therefore an important organ of the State. The enactment of the laws on taxes and budget is the responsibility of the legislative organ. Even though the president has the power as the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, the legislative body has the sole power to declare war, and start investigation even on the executive and in most cases appoints the heads of the executive branch.

Judicial powers
Judiciary is an important organ of the State in that it has a sole mandate to determine the laws that are supposed to be passed by the congress, whether constitutional or not, determines the disposition of the convicts and can compel testimony or evidence on any investigation and plays a major role in determination of the policy and its effects. Judiciary as an organ can dismiss the congress through impeachment (Owings, 2002). 

Conclusion
Even though the powers are constitutionally separated, there is no proper or clear separation of power between the three organs as most of the organs are interrelated in delegation of duties or roles. For instance, the President who is a member of the executive is the head of the military and the judiciary can usurp the powers of the president and declare the war.

Tovia Smiths article (2010) entitled Companies Named And Shamed For Bad Behavior is an analysis which seeks to circumscribe the diverging opinions and reactions raised in respect to what Smith herself pertains to as the growing number of mea culpas being ordered by courts, as a peculiar way of rectifying errors committed by certain companies in their otherwise proven malicious conduct of enterprise.

Two chief streams of thought have been raised in Smiths article. On the one side of the spectrum, Smith argues that court-sanctioned rectification, which includes shame campaign, helps appease public sentiment lamenting strongly against wrongdoings committed by large companies, whether unwittingly or unwittingly. Under normal circumstances, criminal-justice courts demand erring companies to issue public apologies in major broadsheets circulating the affected area.  And Smith further states that, on account of the need to deter further insults into the injury which has been wrought by erring corporations, people(are) more moved by the price the company is paying in reputation (Smith, 2010, n.p.).

On the other side of the spectrum, Smith also presents telling opinions raised against the practice of corporation apologies, citing a good number of legitimate reasons. For one, Smith writes that, while public humiliation is part and parcel of what may be called as fair punishment, there are those who cast doubt over the real motives behind such a cruel and unusual punishment (Smith, 2010, n.p.). The dissenting opinions against shame campaigns can be summarized into two major premises first, that the real motives behind public humiliation is, in fact, more leaning towards the desire to seek retributive justice  or vengeance  rather than deterrence of future crime and second, that there are good reasons to doubt the tangible relevance and concrete beneficial effect of the said campaign.

Smiths article, it is quite understandable, is limited in the treatment of the issue. In fact, it is very restricted so that it tried to cover only the essentials and representative opinions for and against the issue of public humiliation. At the very least though, what Smiths article was able to achieve lies in the fact that the two sides of the heated debate have been presented in a manner being succinct yet thought-provoking (i.e., owing, of course, to its relative briefness). Thus, Smith article is elucidative in that it leaves the issue open for inasmuch as there appears to be no clear line which separates the correctness andor wrongness of the policy, the fact that human sensitivities are violated on either side, makes the issue even more in need of deeper public scrutiny, if not of scholarly works done to shed light on the matter.

Smiths article exemplifies, more than anything else, the essential limit impinged upon new article or write-ups, owing from the need to cover only the essentials, yet leave the audience wanting for more. Be that as it may, I would have to say that an issue as divisive as public humiliation must be treated in greater length, or in a relatively exhaustive inquiry (which may be divided into subtopics), so as to sufficiently cover not only public opinions raised in support or against the issue, but also the cultural, legal, as well as moral ramifications of the same.

The collateral damages which the practice of public humiliation engenders not only on the corporation itself, but also on its human workforce  as well as, logically, their families  benefitting directly from it, could have been given greater emphasis in the article. True, Smiths article briefly delved on this specific facet. But the larger nuance of the issue is palpably lacking. Specific incidences relative to the ugly consequences of having a company issue a public apology could have been cited. For if in the process of rectifying corporate errors, the ill-consequences public apology seems to be far greater than its supposed benefit, then there appears to be no point at observing the practice all together. The end, after all, does not justify the means. 

Introduction 
The definition of homeland security according to the government of the United States is the domestic effort, contrary to the foreign war on terrorism, to safeguard Americans from terrorists. These efforts have also come to include the general preparedness under the all hazards doctrine, which concentrates on general endeavors that help prepare for both natural calamities, such as accidental chemical spills and hurricanes as well as terrorists (White, 2008). Homeland security is composed of various entities which include The United States National Guard, The United States Coast Guard, US Citizenship and Immigration Services, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Customs and Border Protection, United States Secret Service, Civil Air Patrol, and Transportation Security Administration. Border protection is a very critical matter of national security (US Department of Homeland security, 2010).
Complex border security programs existed even before the 911 incident, but after the attacks the control of the nations land borders became a serious matter of national security in the US. Border protection was realized as a very beneficial role not only to the government, but also to the people as it restricts the entry of dangerous people as well as goods in to the country. Border protection is viewed as an accurate security of the nations perimeter. It does not merely mean the erection of a fence around the nation. Rather, it is a set of policies that utilizes the fact that people as well as goods are scrutinized easily after their arrival at checkpoints. Border protection is very important as it stops illegal flooding of immigrants in to the country. Restriction of illegal flooding helps the immigration department in the screening for drug dealers, assassins, rapists and terrorists (Bullock, Haddow, and Coppola, 2006).

Problem Statement
The security measures in the US have always been very tight. However, there have been various changes that have been witnessed in the system especially after the September 11th terrorists attacks. This term paper will look at how the attacks changed the security system in the US and what are the implications of the move.

Homeland Security
Prior to the September 11 attacks, as stated by Lefebre (2006), the US military focused on warfare overseas. The participation of the military in domestic circles was mainly concerned with response to natural calamities. Increased cases of terrorism made the military to work more closely with the state, the federal, and the local agencies in their homeland security activities. Border protection is a vital pillar of the department of homeland security. The main mandate of homeland security is to keep out of the country materials and people who are regarded as security threats. The functions of homeland security are therefore more of preventive in nature than remedial. The various functions of the department of homeland security include the analysis and sharing of information. The department of homeland security gathers information concerning the vulnerability of the nation to any attack. This information is then shared with the American public and other federal agencies. The other mandate of the department of homeland security is prevention of attack upon analysis of the level of threat of a certain situation. As stated by Anon (n.d.), Homeland security maintains border security, regulates immigration, and maintains security of the infrastructure. It is also the mandate of homeland security to ensure that the country is prepared effectively in case of a national calamity or a terrorist attack. If any of these events take place the department provides a rapid and well coordinated response and rescue efforts.

Literature Review
According to OHanlon, (2010), border movements allow spotlighting to take place. Border patrols as well as some activities of the department of defense and the Coast Guard functions in a manner close to physical safeguard of borders. Spotlighting is even more critical, its failure led to the 911 incident. The inability of the nation to know the exact type of goods and people getting into and out of the country has much more to do with the spotlighting function rather than with the ineffectiveness of the national walls. If border protection was carried out effectively it could offer benefits that are beyond the scope of homeland security. Digitalized computers for example, could allow more reliable movements of people and materials in and out of the country. Better knowledge of where ships as well as goods on transit are could be easily provided. This would greatly enhance prevention as well as response to other risks such as piracy and accidents involving ships that can severely affect trade and travel. The main objective of homeland security therefore should be provision of tighter border security rather than turning borders into checkpoints. Instead of its efforts competing with the economy, homeland security should complement economic competitiveness.

The geographic position of the United States makes it easy for monitoring of borders as well as using them as a means of channeling materials and routing people through areas where spotlighting is achievable. However, there are two long land borders that are too difficult to protect the northern border and the southern border. However, strict border protection measures have been put in place thereby limiting the incursion of soldiers from other nations especially Mexico. Foreign soldiers who are often used by drug cartels threaten the US patrol agents at gun point. This insurgence of foreign soldiers is a matter of national security and a great deal of efforts has been put in place to deal with it (Payan, 2006). These borders are not the only main challenges that face homeland security. Aviation security is also a major challenge that homeland security is faced with. Getha-Taylor (2008), asserts that there is no single technique that can be employed to keep illicit people and materials out of the country. There also exists no analytical technique for use to evaluate the level of monitoring that would be most effective for national security.

The security efforts that were established after the 911 incident have been headed in the right course, but capacity for monitoring borders should be stepped up. Monitoring of people is one of the main security efforts that homeland security has put up. Persons disguising their true identities, especially those on terror watch lists, cannot gain access to the country. If an individual is on the terror watch list and is trying to fly from abroad, it is very unlikely that heshe will get through under hisher name. Such a person also cannot get through under another persons name if hisher fingerprints are on the file. Homelands security therefore, plays a major role in preventing illegal immigrants, illegal weapons, smugglers, drug dealers and other illegal imports from entering the United States. Dangerous people as well as smuggled weapons negatively affect the security of the nation (White, 2008).

Bose, (2009) states that Border protection has three main aims preventing terrorism, strengthening the national security, and protecting the citizens as well as the nation at large. Border protection prevents terrorism by restricting the entry of terrorists and weapons of mass destruction to the country. It strengthens the national security by preventing illegal entry of persons as well as materials in to the country. Border protection plays a major role in developing a safer America through scrutinizing the entry of all people and goods.  It maintains both the security of the northern as well as the southern borders. It also plays major role in coordinating and making the efforts of various agencies as well as departments that are responsible for assuring the safety of the nation and the citizens more efficient.

Application Responses
In conjunction with prevention of entry of dangerous people and goods in to the country the law enforcement agencies plays a very crucial role in apprehending individuals who try to enter in to the country illegally. Illegal immigrants pose a very big threat not only to the people, but also to the agriculture and the business sector. Illegal immigrants may introduce harmful pests and diseases to the nation thereby making the state to incur a very heavy loss in its fight against such pests and diseases. Diseases brought by illegal immigrants would therefore adversely affect the economic status of the nation. Dangerous people may also come in to the country with intent of stealing. These people can steal anything ranging from intellectual to personal property (Bullock, Haddow, and Coppola, 2006).
Lack of border protection programs would pose a very big security threat to the 12.5 million tons of cargo as well as thousands of people who travel around the United States through air. It would also pose as threat to those who are transported by ships. Each and every passenger goes through a very extensive scrutiny before heshe can take a flight. This process insures the security of the public. This tedious process in spite of all its inconveniences makes one feel that heshe is taking part in assisting the government in its fundamental role of preserving the security of the nation. The border patrol unit is charged with the responsibility of ensuring compliance of federal laws at the border. The border patrol agents conduct inspection, examination, search of vehicles, individuals, as well as goods to determine whether they are being introduced in to the United States contrary to the rule of law (Bullock, Haddow, and Coppola, 2006).

Another useful technique that has been taken on by the homeland security is the students and exchange visitor information system. This system plays a major role in tracking foreigners in the country on student visas. People who overstay visas can be easily identified and located. Foreign travel is also strictly controlled by the use of biometric indicators. Fingerprints of visa applicants are compared to those in the department of homeland security. To minimize chances of people who plan terror attacks finding a legal way into the country and overstay their visas, the government should record real time from the US. This lightens the governments task of identifying and following those who overstay. As proposed by the 911 commission, those who overstay their visas could be easily identified and pursued. The visa waiver program is a significant loophole in the United States border security due to the high cases of stolen or forged visas around the globe. It is also very difficult to interview people thoroughly upon entry under visa waiver program (Sauter, and Carafano, 2005).

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) have rules regulating the importation of animals, thereby restricting entry of potentially diseased animals and animal products in the US. Trade with countries that are not affected by diseases such as foot and mouth disease also helps keep the United States free from diseases. Active surveillance and passive reporting by industries help APHIS swiftly identify a disease upon introduction. In case an outbreak of a certain disease for example, foot and mouth disease, APHIS concentrates on three major areas restraint, eradication and carcass disposal. Vaccination is used to prevent the spread of diseases. There are four major aspects of infectious diseases preparedness that the US homeland security focuses on. These include implementation of a national response plan, prediction of the movement of the disease in order to contain it, outlining the economic effects of the disease, and preventing the use of the disease as an agro-terrorism. Everything possible is done by APHIS to counteract potential agro-terrorism threats in order to maintain ample supply of safe food, protect international markets, and avoid high costs incurred during the process of stamping out a disease. Although APHIS has put extensive measures to prevent spread of diseases, the United States is still under threat of bioterrorism (Simmins 2009).

Thousands of scenarios are evaluated day after day by the department of homeland security and law enforcement agencies. Terrorist usually infect themselves with diseases which have very long incubation periods, but remains infectious before the host can become ill. APHIS mainly deals with animal and plant health and not criminal investigation, though it assists in investigations. Meagher (2005), states that travel and migration increases the risk of spreading infectious diseases. Migration of those who are incubating infectious diseases is a major threat to national security. Tourism may also lead to spread of diseases especially when people come into contact with animals harboring infectious diseases. Travels and migrations also lead to development of new strains of diseases.  Movement of people as well as goods affects the spread of disease and their level of impact. In case a new infectious disease appears, travel and migrations spreads it further.

Conclusion
Homeland security composes of all the domestic efforts that the government of the United States has put in place contrary to the overseas war on terrorism in order to safeguard Americans from terrorism. The main mandate of homeland security is to keep out of the country materials and people who are regarded as security threats. Homeland security primarily deals with border protection the vital pillar of national security. The department of homeland security was established as a result of increased cases of terrorism directed to the citizens of the United States. The activities of homeland security have been headed in the right course after the 911 incident. Homeland security has also played a major role in preventing illegal immigrants, illegal weapons, smugglers, drug dealers and other illegal imports from entering the United States. Its activities have also greatly reduced the chances of introduction of infectious disease in the country.

Serving as the headquarters for the United States Department of Defense since the middle of the 20th century, the Pentagon reservation is an official installation of the American Federal government. The facility sometimes serves as a custodial area for criminals who infringe on local, state or Federal laws. Lacking the adequate facilities, Pentagon law enforcers have had to make do with insufficient facilities to detain criminals, exposing them to imminent danger. It is the goal of this paper to call for the construction of a temporary holding facility within the Pentagon reservation. Literature has been added to facilitate the inexpensive labor costs and legal research is incorporated to address the legal tenets with regard to temporary holding facilities. A qualitative study using the case study research methodology is proposed.

Introduction
With nearly twenty thousand civilian and military working inside the sprawling facility on a daily basis, many technological devices were installed in order to enhance the physical security of the Pentagon reservation. This is to safeguard the physical safety of each personnel, each of whom has a significant role in aiding the men and women serving in the United States Armed Forces. Substantial alterations are being conducted in the structural aspect of the facility to enhance the capacity of the building to withstand assaults, give refuge for the leadership of the American government, and provide its personnel with long-term employment. Despite all these activities concerning enhancements in the structure of the facility, there is one area that is being overlooked - that of the facilitys physical security area.

The costs associated with the proposed construction will be substantial but the benefits will far outweigh the expenditures. In terms of financial allocation, four law enforcement personnel that would work for eight hour shifts is required to fully comply with the security needs of individuals who are incarcerated within the facility. Apart from the perceived medical costs, equipment and personnel to address such need, if such arises, will be an extra cost for the facility, and the provision of meals, at least three times a day at the minimum, will increment the costs for the facility. There are many benefits to be accrued from the construction of an interim detention facility. First, it will provide security for the law enforcement personnel in the Pentagon reservation and to the Falcon Stone Mountain Facility. This will also safeguard the safety of the personnel, be they employees or security, in the event that a criminal escapes from the custody of the local police authorities.

This paper evaluates the feasibility of the establishment of an interim detention facility within the Pentagon reservation. At present, the Pentagon Police Department at the Pentagon Reservation does not have a temporary holding facility. Building a small temporary holding facility at Pentagon Reservation is the only solution for this serious problem. Training is critical and the most important component for this new law enforcement duty.

Literature Review
The literature review of the paper will pinpoint the need for the establishment of an impermanent detention facility and demonstrate the facilitys significant contribution to the police stationed within the confines of the Pentagon. Moreover, the literature utilized for the paper will accentuate the effectiveness and challenges posed by such a facility.

Temporary Holding Facility Definition and costs
According to the National Institute of Corrections (2006), a temporary holding facility (THF) is defined as

a local facility which physically detains arrestees for a maximum of six hours for processing andor awaiting transportation. The THF may be a jail cell, but also may be an area that is designated for temporary holding purposes, e.g., holding area or room. (p. 2)

In the proposed temporary holding facility for the Pentagon Police Department, the location, costs, and design have to be taken into careful consideration. Additionally, training of police officers will also be crucial for the smooth, legal, and effective implementation of the proposed facility.

First, the location of the proposed facility is important so that the issues of safety, cost, and the amount of training will be optimally utilized. Second, the cost of construction for the proposed interim detention facility will be sourced out of Federal funds. Since the facility is in a Federal reservation, the expenditures of the facility will be sourced from the annual Congressional outlay for the Department of Defense. Third, the costs and requisites for training will be also considered and is anticipated to be greater than the labor costs. For purposes of training, the researcher proposes the development of training modules created to decrease expenditures that the department will incur for each individual officer. Instructors, bought in by the Pentagon Police, will be responsible for the training of every officer in the department on an initial basis, and perhaps can be extended to semi-annual to annual periods, or the instructors of the Pentagon Police can take over the semi- and annual training modules of the police officers after the initial training of the officers. The latter action will result in savings for the Department, as the need for outside training personnel will be done away with. Literature provided and sourced from other parallel agencies that also utilize interim holding facilities can provide insight to means that can be used in minimizing the expenses that will be incurred in the construction of the facility. 

Construction, Protocol and Operating Procedures
The study proposes to use literature from various in order to conceptualize the planned interim detention facility for the Pentagon Police Department. Data that has been sourced from a reputable company that specializes in constructing interim detention facilities, Cisco-Eagle, offers enclosures built with wire mesh that is suitable for the Falcon Stone inspection facility. The companys products are utilized by a range of users, ranging from local, state and Federal law enforcement organizations even satisfying the needs of the American military, with the holding enclosures offering a temporary or even permanent incarceration solutions in the context of minimum detention needs. For the purpose of this proposal, it is determined that the enclosure applicable for the interim facility will be Ciscos HC-1288-S-R model which is eight feet high, same length, and twelve feet wide, incurring a total approximate cost of 2,500 (Cisco- Eagle, 2008).

Maureen F. Dollard, author of an article published in the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, provides the data regarding stress issues that may occur in the deployment of the officers to the interim facility. In her article, Dollard provided the research information on studies done that displayed the links of particular work traits, psychological anxiety, and dissatisfaction on the part of the officers with the new task. The data from the journal will aid in the provision in training police officers to address with work related stress from the burdens of the job. In her opinion, Dollard stated that employees exposed to extreme isolation with the highest degree of exposure to the job displayed higher levels of strain than employees with less exposure doing the same task (Dollard, 1998). 

Also important in the operation of the proposed interim detention facility are the protocols that police officers need to follow. Other police departments with similar conditions are discussed with regards to the instruction of the new duty to police officers. The ICE agency requires specific protocols for it to be involved with persons in detention or placed in interim custodial arrangements. The literature derived from ICE that discusses training and standard operating procedures (SOP) for the determination of dealing with interim incarceration facilities will be discussed in detail in the proposal. In the meeting, the details in the use of the training materials sourced from criminal justice organizations can aid in founding the new program of the police officers of the Pentagon Police Department.

To cite an example, law enforcement agencies of the Federal government like the United States Marshals agency, Immigration Service, Customs Bureau and the Prisons Bureau give expert knowledge and insight in training employees for deployment in handling felons and operating interim detention units. Apart from these agencies, the protocols used by these agencies have been sourced from the Personnel Management Office (OPM), which will also assist in explaining the basic requirements needed for the training of the police officers.  For protocols related to the transport of detainees, literature will be sourced from the Policies and Procedures of the Suffolk Constabulary. To gain a better, and safer, handling of the detainees and their transport, additional literature from the Association of Police Officers, the Home Office by the National Center for Policing Excellence will be used.

The new policy of the Pentagon Police Departments transport can be grounded in part by the Suffolk Constabularys strict fidelity to the protocol. Also, proposed certifications in this field should be guided by the literature of this source. Research data derived from the regulations and protocols, and the standard operating system at the Pentagon reservation will form a significant part of the proposal. Analogous operating protocols used in the empirical review and study of the literature discovered in various law enforcement offices and correctional facilities that are akin to the literature here, will also be utilized in this proposal. For medical data, the information discussed here will be sourced from data used to aid the Pentagon Police Department define the standard operating protocols for handling persons in custody. 

In the readings taken from the Treatment of the Detainees and Guard Procedures, from the Camp Duke Detainee Facility (2004), the protocols that police officers detailed at the Pentagon must follow with regards to the treatment of detainees are outlined. Instruction activities will be enforced of treating detainees with complete respect and dignity. For example, verbal, physical and mental malevolence is banned and will be added to the Pentagons new standard operating protocols. In the legal area, the right of the detainee must be taught to the police officers. The cost of the building is considered as a less expensive measure. This cost effectiveness in building the facility should be taken in the light of the millions that might be incurred if there were a crisis in the facility or the facilities existence can mitigate.

In some instances, Pentagon Police detain an individual for carrying a gun onto the facility, drunk driving, or in some cases, the person is apprehended in the course of a field interview and is found guilty of a prior misdemeanor. On these occasions, the facilities at the Pentagon reservation did not have sufficient or adequate facilities to temporarily house, process and question these individuals or to transport them. In one instance, an illegal immigrant was caught and incarcerated until the police at the Pentagon could remand the person to the Immigration and Customs agencies (ICE).

Traditionally, concurrent jurisdictions are handled by local and state law enforcement organizations.  Again to cite an example, drivers caught driving under the influence of alcohol are detained by the Pentagon Police for a few hours then remanded to the local law enforcement agency for processing. ICE, in this case, is not present for the incident, only coming in the next day.  In this immediate case, the resolution of the case, with the information at hand, must be addressed by the Installation Commander, the Site Commander of the Pentagon Police and the Assistant United States Attorney post haste. The management of the facility issued an order that the person be detained overnight at the Pentagon Reservation Facilities Vehicle Inspection Station, with the individual receiving his food allotment from a local store until the dining facility would be open the next day to serve breakfast. Medical notices were sent out to give medical attention if the situation warrants, and police officers were tasked to guard the individual. In this case, the erection of an interim facility is needed. 

Both the local law enforcement authorities and the Pentagon Police share a harmonious working relationship along with good relations with the community near the facility. Majority of the incidents reported on the installation are managed by the community police. The immigration incident handled by the Pentagon Police Department and the ICE was the first in the long history of the facility, with the possibility that another incident like this will translate into a terror strike against the United States is not discussed in terms of possibility but of timing. If the person would need medical attention, that would notch another expenditure, along with the provision for food and sleeping quarters. 

Readings from the United States Immigration Offices Detention and Removal office provides supportive insight in the creation of procedures for the operation of an interim detention installation at the Annex area of the Pentagon Police Department. Officers will be instructed on the protocols on responsibility with regards to their duties to the detained individual. In the data, the events of conflagration, evacuation of the structure and urgent medical situations, search of detainees and the log book for the holding area are discussed.

Legal Concerns
Clarification of legal issues for persons that will be incarcerated in this installation is one of the significant sought to be addressed at the meeting. Due process concerns, constitutional issues dealing with the fourth (search and seizures), sixth (the right of a person to a speedy trial and the right to confront witnesses), and fourteenth (rights of a citizen) amendments, all in regards to the incarceration of a person in the detention establishment will be discussed thoroughly until a clear understanding of the same has been arrived at, with the legal instruction for the officers to be done by the Pentagon Force Protection Agency or the Office of General Counsel.  Apart from the legal concerns, medical issues are as significant when discussing legal concerns for the interim incarceration facility. In the past, medical assistance was provided by the Waynesboro Hospital, providing both the Pentagon and the Falcon Stone installation with urgent and emergency medical services. 

Case law and constitutional viewpoints
Though there are numerous constitutional issues attendant in the establishment of temporary holding facilities, it is important to ground these premises in the solid ground of legal jurisprudence. This will effectively negate any actions and conduct to speculate on the grounds of the construction and operations of these facilities as they relate to the issues on the grounds of following the ambit of the constitutional provisions as enshrined in American fundamental law. Though these cases do not specifically mention the Pentagon facility at Falcon, they can serve as guides with standard operating procedures at temporary detention facilities to better guide personnel deployed to the facility.

There are legislative initiatives being deliberated in the halls of Congress that will create the mandate to build what is termed as national emergency centers that will be erected on the grounds of existing military bases. Though the wording of the bill, HR 645, is for provision of temporary housing for victims of natural calamities, the facilities can also be utilized for other needs as deemed appropriate by the Department of Homeland Security. In the light of the award to Kellogg, Brown and Root, the action of construction of these facilities and their legal implications must be addressed (Watson, 2009). 
Bell v Wolfish (441 U.S. 520) Strip Searches and Sixth Amendment Rights

This case involved inmates of the Metropolitan Correctional Center (MCC) who were subjected to various restrictive practices, including strip and body cavity searches. These strips searchers were imposed on the detainees after having received visitors. In the opinion of the appellate court, which ruled for the legality of these practices, it was suggested that they do not violate the Sixth Amendment as it pertains to the right of individuals to searches and seizures within the premises of the temporary detention facility. The Court held that even though individuals still possess some constitutional rights, these cannot be made to fall under the rulings of limits and restraints in the daily operation of these facilities.  The Court opined that in the exercise of the rights of the detainees and the need of the facility to regulate the operations of the facility, the two parties must have a conjoint accommodation as to the needs of the facility and the free exercise of the right by the individual (as cited in Wolff vs. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539). This ruling is applicable to those guilty of criminal offenses as well (Open Jurist).
Jones vs. Edwards (770 F.2d 739) Strip Searches as a Violation of the Fourth Amendment

This case involved Jones, an animal owner, was accosted by police in his home for refusing to sign a citation for his dog that wandered in the neighborhood without a leash. After being arrested, Jones was bought in for processing and was subjected to a strip search while in police custody. Jones filed a case but lost, prompting him to elevate the case to the U.S. Court of Appeals (8th Circuit). In the ruling of the Court, though they recognized the need of detention centers to secure the physical safety of the facility, the Court ruled that the sweeping deprivation of the rights of the person under detention cannot be capriciously set aside.

In another case, Engeseth vs County of Isanti, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 78694, the accused was told to remove his clothes and to change into prison garb which were bought to his cell. As he changed into his clothes, police officers conducted a body cavity search on the plaintiff, and after which, instructed the accused to put on the prison clothes. In the Policy Manual of the Isanti County Jail, the person, if it is presumed that they will be detained for more than 6 hours, must be processed, detained and given prison clothes. In the provisions of the Manual, which was also used as basis for the ruling of the court, the strip search can only be conducted if the officers judged that there was reasonable suspicion that a person will smuggle illegal drugs or other contraband into the facility. The judge ruled that the officers failed to establish this reasonable suspicion in the conduct of the search, and that training lapses must be present if the officers conducted this action without logically establishing these criteria in the conduct of the search (Legal and Liability Risk Management Institute).       

Korematsu vs. United States (323 U.S. 214) Rights of a citizen
Fred Korematsu sued the United States government after he was found guilty of violating Civilian Exclusion 34. Though Korematsu was of Japanese descent, he was still an American citizen, and ordered banished to temporary detention camps. The court, with Justice Black rendering the majority opinion, though the court sympathizes with the suffering of Korematsu and other Japanese nationals, the times that the order was enacted must take precedence over the needs of the few. But the dissenters, among them Justice Murphy, averred that the order was nothing more than a punishment on people who would contest their temporary detention solely based on requirements of the government that was deemed necessarily (University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law).   

Approach and Methodology in the Study
This section addresses the methodology and research design aspects of this study.

Research Design
This paper will utilize the qualitative tradition in pursuing this study. Specifically, it will use the descriptive case study research design to determine the feasibility of constructing a temporary holding facility in the Pentagon Reservation.  The case study methodology is suitable in studies which require a comprehensive investigation (Yin, 2003). Moreover, through a case study methodology, different viewpoints of stakeholders on the construction of an interim detention facility will be derived and triangulated with other data sources. For the purpose of this study, a single-case descriptive design will be implemented single-case because the unit of analysis for this study will be the proposed temporary holding facility (THF) in the Pentagon Reservation and descriptive because the aim of the study is to describe the existing viewpoints of stakeholders on the feasibility of constructing such a facility.

Sample
The target population for this study consists of various stakeholders who will most likely be impacted by the proposed construction of the temporary holding facility. Sampling will be purposive and limited to key informants who will be capable of providing meaningful insight in the field of 1) Logistics 2) Design and 3) Training.

Moreover, a survey questionnaire will be distributed to officers of the Pentagon Police Department in order to examine their views on the necessity and feasibility of an interim detention facility. In addition, they will also be asked to evaluate training methods required in order to effectively operate the proposed Temporary Holding Facility. An initial ten (10) respondents will be targeted and selected for this purpose.

Interviews will be conducted among decision-makers and command personnel such as Lieutenants, Supervisors, and Sergeants who can provide input and insight on logistics and provide assessment on design, location, and oversight on unused resources that may be required to construct the installation. Prospective resource persons to be tapped for this purpose include
Major Tom Gerard, Site Commander for the Pentagon Police Department
Mr. David Simpson, FPES (Fire, Police and Emergency Services Director)
Lt. Johnny Brown, Pentagon Police Training Director.

Instruments
Two primary instruments will be used by the study. The first instrument is a survey questionnaire to be distributed to selected officers of the Pentagon Police to evaluate the need for a temporary holding facility and to assess the training needed for the operation of the proposed facility.  The second instrument is a semi-structured interview guide which aims to evaluate the logistics and design of the proposed facility. Secondary data sources such as legal documents, research studies, and other artifacts will also be gathered to triangulate primary data.

Data Gathering Procedure
Before data gathering can commence, permission will first be secured from the Pentagon Protection Agency. Moreover, the signatures of the PPDs, director, site commander and training manager will be needed for the conduct of this activity.

This study follows the design protocol advanced by Yin (2003) on conducting the case study which divides it into three phases 1) Preparing for data collection 2) distributing questionnaires 3) Conducting interviews.

Preparing for data collection
Before collecting data required for the completion of this study, instruments to be used such as survey questionnaires and semi-structure interview guides will be developed by the researcher. These instruments will be evaluated for content validity by independent experts.

Distributing questionnaires
After the instruments have been validated, the questionnaires will be administered to selected officers of the Pentagon Police. The surveys are aimed to generate their assessments on the need for an interim detention facility and on training needed for the effective and smooth operation and conduct of officers manning the proposed temporary holding facility.

Conducting interviews
Interviews will be conducted among key informants particularly command personnel and administrators who are knowledgeable in design and logistics. The interviews will be audiotaped using digital tape recorders and the responses transcribed within 2 days after the interview is completed. Their responses will answer whether there is a need for the construction of a THF as well as the feasibility of such a proposal to be implemented in the Pentagon Reservation.

Implications for Research
There is a need to address the ethical implications of respondents participation in the study. In compliance with the NEC Policy on Participation of Others in Research, this study proposes a clear design to resolve privacy and confidentiality issues. First, there will be an informed consent form which will describe in detail a) the purposes of the study b) the statement that participation is entirely voluntary c) that respondents can withdraw at any moment they feel uncomfortable with their participation d) procedures on handling of audiotaped interviews and data obtained. An informed consent form will be distributed to the respondents and only with the respondents approval can participation be eligible. Second, codes will be used instead of formal names in order to protect the identity of participants. Third, data obtained from audiotaped conversations will be sealed in a secure room which will be padlocked once they are fully transcribed. Audiocassettes will be destroyed after the study is complete.

Project Limitations
The researcher anticipates limitations on time and availability of targeted key informants. First, the study is limited by the seven-week time frame allotted for the Capstone Course. Second, there is also the concern on the availability of participants which are targeted for interviews. Given their position and responsibilities in the Pentagon, the researcher anticipates that some of the participants may decline to participate hence, adjustments will have to be made in order to find interviewees who can provide meaningful insight to the study.

Project Timeline
This Capstone project is estimated to run for seven weeks throughout the duration of the Capstone course. On Week 1, the researcher will devote to pre-proposal planning and literature review research. On Weeks 2-3, the researcher will finalize the topic, the design, and complete the proposal with the approval of professors. On Weeks 4-5, data gathering will proceed. On Weeks 5-6, data obtained will be analyzed and an initial write-up of the results will be produced. On Week 7, revisions will be made and the final copy of the study will be submitted.

Table 1. Project Timeline
StepsWeek1234567Pre-proposal planningConducting literature reviewFinalizing topicConceptualizing designFinalizing proposalData gathering
Data analysisWrite-up
Revisions Submission

Conclusion
At its initial stage, the proposal seeks to explain the present sentiments of the Pentagon Police Department with regards to the absence or lack of a need to erect an interim detention facility. This study works under the thesis that a Temporary Holding Facility is necessary and beneficial to ensure the physical security of the Pentagon Reservation. To support this thesis, a qualitative study involving case study research methodology will be undertaken. Interviews and questionnaires will be used in order to gather data needed to answer the studys main research problem. Secondary data sources such as manuals, legal documents, briefs, and research studies will also be gathered for triangulation purposes. Ethical considerations will be of utmost concern and provisions for confidentiality and privacy will be ensured.

Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are three different thinkers who existed in different times but they all had tremendous influences on the creation of the US Constitution and the US governments character today. Their varied views on human nature and the purpose of government helped the Founding Fathers of the United States craft the present constitution that we know. Though each thinkers philosophy and political beliefs have their merits, we lean toward the view of human nature that humans are generally reasonable, but when confronted with hostile situations, they may tend to act badly. Our view has more in common with Locke who posited that human nature is the law of reason and that the government exists to preserve peoples humanity and punish those who violate the natural law. We are for limited government, that is, a government that only acts to enlarge our freedoms and not restrain us. We believe that a conservative government that leans more toward libertarian and goes back to the original function of the US Constitution would serve our lives better and make us better citizens.

Niccolo Machiavelli, famous author of The Prince, a concise political treatise, The Art of War, about military science, and other influential political writings, is widely remembered today as a thinker who believed that deceitful strategies and cunning should be used to preserve the status quo. The Prince especially is a work of great significance because it features realism as opposed to the popular philosophy of idealism at the time of its writing.

Machiavellis writings had a huge influence in the creation of the US constitution, especially through John Adams, the first Vice President of the United States who eventually became the second President of the country, and one of the Founding Fathers. In his Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States, Adams applauded Machiavellis realism and his revival of reason in government matters (Diggins 73).

Apparently, Adams learned a good deal from Machiavellis work and he used that knowledge to contribute to the crafting of the American Constitution. Machiavelli particularly believed in the propensity of men to act in their own self-interest. Adams agreed to this philosophy and even called it a kind of self-evident truth, which is one of the pillars of his politically system. However, Adams didnt stop at accepting everything Machiavelli believed in. He criticized and analyzed Machiavellis writing to squeeze out valuable knowledge from it that could guide Americas constitution.

Instead of agreeing with Machiavelli that the deeds of humanity are inscribed in destiny, Adams imputed the selfish actions or iniquities of men to imperfect and unbalanced constitutions (Diggins 73).  Thus, the solution to the weakness of other governments is not the peoples development of a civic virtue or a meaningless striving to be good citizens, but crafting a balanced constitution that will give everyone a chance to fight for their aspirations in government. Taking from Machiavelli and a host of other historical sources, Adams simply didnt believe that virtue moves men. Ambition is the greatest mover of mankind and such ambition has been the cause of downfall of many governments before. But with a proper constitution to keep that ambition in check, a government can work more effectively and last (Diggins 72-73).

Just as Machiavelli devised strategies to keep the Princes power, Adams thought of ways to preserve the aristocracy and keep the fervent democratic attitudes of people in check. He criticized the dominant view of humanitarian psychology of his time that men were good by nature and they can be trusted to treat their fellowmen justly. He showed the long history of mens cruelties and misrule to prove his point. He insisted that whoever founds a state or creates laws should presume that all men are naturally bad, and that they will never fail to show their powerful greed when given the opportunity (Parrington 312).

The danger with this natural tendency to be ambitious and act selfishly could lead to the destruction of society. Since if aristocrats are allowed to act as they see fit, they will oppress the masses, leading to a revolution. When the masses acquire power, they will in turn be oppressive toward aristocrats if their power is unchecked. Thus, there will never be an end to the transgression of peoples rights. To solve this problem, Adams promoted and glorified the system of checks and balances which, in its evolvement today, is used by the United States to limit the power of every branch of government. Adams proposed that the Senate be the aristocrats voice, while the House of Representatives be the masses voice, and the Executive be the arbiter. Of course, while this idea is untenable today, it shows how Machiavellis concept of human nature influenced Adams to defend the American system of the separation between the Executive, Legal and Judicial branches of government.

Thomas Hobbes is one of the most influential political thinkers of all time, particularly because of his formulation of the social contract theory. According to Hobbes, without a government that would regulate peoples actions, people would be in a state of nature where everyone has a right to all resources, which results in a brutal conflict or a war of all against all. Life would be very difficult and many people will die as a consequence of this unbridled anarchy. Key to Hobbes social contract theory is his concept of human nature, where all human beings are animalistic by nature and act only in their own self-interest without regard for their fellow human beings.

Hobbes solution to this problem was the establishment of a sovereign authority to which people would subject all their natural rights in exchange for peace.  Through this process, a civil society is formed and everyone is protected by the sovereign authority. However, people should accept any abuses by the authority as the price for attaining peace, so the power of this sovereign authority is absolute. Hobbes rejected the separation of powers and forwarded the belief that the sovereign authority should control all civil, judicial, military, even ecclesiastical powers.

Hobbes writings were influenced the creation of the US Constitution in that it directed attention to the importance of consent in any type of society (Bruyn 39). Todays American government gives high regard to the consent of people, such that the government cannot tap into the personal conversation of a citizen, for example, because of the individuals right to privacy. The Founding Fathers couldnt have known the importance of such a right had they not been familiar with Hobbes concept of the sovereign authority in a civil society.

According to Hobbes, there should be no standard by which the sovereign would be judged by the people. The sovereign is absolute therefore, it alone can and should determine the ends and means of any societal goal (Cox 48). For society to work people should surrender all their rights completely and they must trust the government to represent their wishes in all its actions even though they havent given it any consent.

Hobbes concept of the sovereigns power is so absolute that he wont even allow any voting to transpire. In addition, the sovereign cannot be subject to any kind of law, whether conventional or natural (Cox 49). It is understood that since people have surrendered all their natural rights to the sovereign, the sovereign carries the will of civil society. The sovereign therefore should be the only one who would determine the means and ends of a course of action. In exchange, the people will get the security they want from the government.

Todays government borrows from Hobbes notion that people should be protected by the government, though it doesnt have any of the tyrannical powers that Hobbes ascribed to it. In many ways, the Founding Fathers created a constitution that corrected Hobbes useful, insightful but tyrannical theories. Instead of unquestionable authority, the US government is by the people and people elect the authorities that govern them. Instead of the unification of all powers, the US constitution commanded the separation of the state and church to instill no metaphysical power to the government.

The writings of John Locke, the Father of Liberalism, have far-reaching influences in various fields of knowledge. In terms of political science, Lockes work has several similarities with Hobbes though with starkly more humanistic sensitivities. Like Hobbes, Locke believed that without government, people would be in a natural state where all are independent and equal and everyone had a right to defend their life, health, liberty and possessions. The fundamental difference with Hobbes though is that the natural state for Locke is governed by peoples reason. Thus, the law of nature is the law of reason and people are free to decide what is right and what is wrong through their reason (Abele 3). Reason is the rule among men and anyone who places another under his control is unreasonable and therefore merits the punishment of that man and others.

Defending such natural rights and possessing reason though, is never enough because chaos would result if everyone defended their natural rights. Reason itself dictates people to preserve humanity (Abele 3). To solve this conflict, people enter into a social contract that establishes a civil society, and from a state of nature, people move into a state of society which is better. Unlike Hobbes though, Locke supported the separation of powers of government, which would later inspire the system of checks and balances of the US government, thus the separation of the executive, legislative and judicial branches.

In addition, Lockes belief that revolting against despotic rule is not only a possible consequence of tyranny but also the obligation of the people in a civil society is the inspiration behind American citizens right to group together and fight the government and other unjust authorities. Its obvious that unlike Hobbes, Locke fully realized that the government is answerable to the people which built it through the social contract, and therefore must provide them with good service or be brought down.

In many ways, Lockes philosophy is the main foundation of the US constitution. The Founding Fathers of the United States took several rights from the English Bill of Rights of 1689, including the right to petition the king (US First Amendment), the right to bear arms (US Second Amendment), and the prohibition of excessive fines and bails and unusual and cruel punishment (US Eighth Amendment). Locke, who was am English native, wrote the Constitution of the American colony of North Carolina in 1667 together with Earl of Shaftesbury and Lord Ashley.

North Carolinas constitution written by Locke, as well as the philosophers Two Treatises of Government would enormously inspire the Founding Fathers of the United States of America, particularly George Mason, James Madison, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson would later use Lockes idea of the natural law of human beings and their natural rights to craft the Declaration of Independence of the United States (Abele 2). Even today, Lockes political ideas continue to guide lawmakers in the US government in creating legislation for the nation.

Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke all have valid points, which should be taken into consideration when evaluating our present government. First, while Machiavelli pushed for a despotic tyrannical rule, he was right to be wary of the danger of giving the people the right to seize power. John Adams interpretation of Machiavelli and his assertion that there will be unending conflict between aristocrats and the masses is very useful in our understanding of democracy. Both the wealthy and the poor in society have rights and therefore, a democratic government must be careful not to give one an unreasonable edge over the other otherwise, despotism or anarchy can develop.

Hobbes also deserves significant credit for recognizing the danger of doing without the government. Indeed, history shows that men tend to act selfishly and even be brutal toward their fellowmen without a proper form of government regulating their actions. Hobbes absolutist government though, is too radical and it is just right that US government shunned many of Hobbes radical ideas. Instead of perpetuating peace, Hobbes ideas when implemented will only lead to more chaos and more people suffering.

Lockes ideas have the most merit because of their foundation on reason. Our view of human nature resonates with Locke as we believe that people are generally reasonable, but when confronted with hostile situations, they may tend to act badly. To us, a reasonable person is a good person, and as with Locke, we believe there is nothing wrong with defending our life, liberty and property. We believe that everything good is reasonable and everything reasonable is natural, and therefore, people who act irrationally are the only ones who commit evil acts. These people are the only ones who deserve to be punished by the government.

Since people have the natural capacity of reason, we do not need the government to tell us everything that we have to do. We know for ourselves what makes us happy and what makes us safe from others harm. Therefore, in our view, the US government should be more conservative, not gigantic in proportions as it is today. We lean toward the libertarian view that individual thinking and freedoms should be promoted and not restrained by various government policies. We need to go back to the original function of the US Constitution and that is the perpetuation of our right to protect our life, liberty and property.

We cannot have the government interfering too much with our lives, since as reasonable citizens, we already know what to do. We only need the government to safeguard us from unreasonable members of society who would do us harm. We also need the government to punish these individuals or rehabilitate them. Like Locke, we define an unreasonable individual as someone who unreasonably subjects his fellowman to his power, and not due to the need to defend his life, liberty and property. If we remain true to the original function of the US Constitution, our government will serve us better.