Political Science

Assessment of Haredim Request for Increase in Child Allowances
The policies and decisions of a government have a direct bearing on any communitys economic status and influence within a society.  In a lot of cases, the said community can influence the policy-making process to its advantage by virtue of its population size, geographic representation, political awareness, historical background, and participation in the political process.  Thus, in turn, allows it to further consolidate its political status and the resultant economic benefits within the societal milieu.  However, at the same time, it is a balancing act at best since those charged with making these decisions and policies also have to keep in mind the sensitivities of other communities, as well as the economic and political cost of any decisions to them.

Introduction
We must remember that any decision regarding child allowances has a direct bearing on the economic status of all of Israels population.  On the one hand, it increases or curtails the amount of child benefits available to certain communities, such as SephardiAsheknazi Jews, thus having a significant bearing on their economic well-being.  However, on the other hand, any such decision represents an increase or decrease in the indirect economic cost to be borne out by Israels other communities, especially those with smaller number of children.  Alongside economics, any such decision also has a significant bearing on Israels long-term demographic make-up, as well as its political orientation.

In Its the budget, stupid, published by the daily Haaretz in January, 2008, Nehemia Shtrasler( has succinctly argued that because of the very nature of their religious ideology and the weltanschauung that it espouses and promotes, those belonging to the ultra-orthodox Haredim community will continue having large families, irrespective of the amount of state support at their disposal.  He does, however, argue that the state can promote the rapid population expansion of the said community by increasing the amount of child support benefits  something that plays an important role in most Haredim households.  Of course, whether this would be a positive development or otherwise cannot be judged from the Haredim perspective alone.

In terms of demographics, the ultra-orthodox Jews represent only 7-8 of the Israeli population  making them a small minority, even when compared against the Israeli Arabs, who make up 18 of the population within the territorial confines of Israel proper.  However, as pointed out by Margalit and Halbertal(, they represent a cohesive community with a strong and densely populated territorial representation.  Furthermore, they represent a distinct way of life  often, sharply at contrast with the rest of Israels civic society  and herein lies the rub.

Basing their arguments on Kymlickas Liberalism, community and culture, Margalit and Halbertal( argue that even though the Haredim espouse an illiberal value system, sharply at contrast with the liberal aspirations of the modern Jewish state of Israel, the state still has an obligation towards this segment of this society to protect their way of life and to enable them to live in accordance with their cultural and religious beliefs.  They believe that in doing so, the liberal state has to abandon its neutrality in matters of societal nature in favor of the minority community while remaining neutral towards the dominant community groups.  This, in turn, means actively assisting, protecting and promoting the Haredi population through legislative and fiscal measures that may qualify as interventionist in nature.

They base their arguments on the principle of a communitys right to culture stating that because of their size  further complemented by their concentration in certain geographical locations  the Haredi population has a right to be allowed to maintain its way of life within these locations with their activities only limited by the principle of harm.  Furthermore, they do not only support the judicial and educational autonomy at the groups disposal, but also state that the government should actively support their way of life, for example, large families and active participation in non-economic activities, through fiscal assistance.

However, as stated above, this does not come without its contradictions.  First and far most, the liberal state will stop being so the very moment it decides to abandon its neutrality in favor of one specific group of individuals while maintaining it with reference to others.  Secondly, this will further deepen the economic contradictions already existing within the Israeli society.  In Sect, Subsidy and Sacrifice  An Economists View of Ultra-Orthodox Jews, Eli Berman( has used statistical data to highlight the economic consequences of any fiscal interventionist policies that the state of Israel has followed in the past  or may possible follow in the future  to assist the ultra-orthodox community, as favored by Margalit and Halbertal.

Berman has specifically concentrated on the consequences of increased and sustained child support policies that have been followed by successive governments since 1975, and that have had a significant effect on the fertility rates being experienced in the Haredi community.  Furthermore, he highlights that these dramatic increases in fertility rates have been accompanied by an equally dramatic reduction in the communitys participation in economic activities and their share in the general labor supply.  Berman has used Iannaccones club good approach( to explain this economic contradiction where a community continues to prosper despite dedicating the majority of its resources, specifically human resources, to nonproductive religious activities, as exemplified by Yeshiva attendance of ultra-orthodox men until the age of 40 on average.

He has pointed out that because of the interventionist policies of the state, Haredi households are actually being largely subsidized by the government to not only maintain their lifestyle, but also to increase their communitys demographic and political strength within the overall societal framework.  Taking the example of families with fathers attending Yeshiva, he points out that out of the total monthly income available to such families, 39 comes from transfers by state institutions and another 32 in the form of child support allowances with only 18 being contributed by the family  mostly, the wife  in form of actual earned income.

He then goes on to juxtapose these figures against data obtained between 1980s and mid-1990s to illustrate that while the ultra-orthodox labor force participation dropped by one-third between these 15-odd years, their fertility rates rose from 6.5 children per woman in 1980s to 7.6 children per woman in mid-1990s.  He further cancels out the possibility of any general trend in the overall population expansion by pointing out that while in 1980, the gap between the fertility rates being experienced by the Arab and ultra-orthodox Jewish communities was only 0.5 child per woman, it had grown significantly to 3 children per woman by 1995-96.

He goes on to explain this phenomenon by pointing out that the 2.5-children per woman increase in fertility rate amongst the Haredi population, running in reverse to Beckers fertility transition argument, was engineered by efficient prohibition(, the ultra-orthodox value system, reduction in economic participation and increase in state subsidies, which in turn further reduced the value of any economic activities for the community.  The last point is even borne out by Shtrasler stating that replacing the principle of tax credits with child allowances by the Ben-Shahar committee in 1975 meant that parents were to be paid a certain amount in the form of child allowance, irrespective of their employment status, and hence no longer had to work to avail the benefit of having a large family.  He points out that because of their voting strength, this gap in policy was further exploited by the ultra-orthodox community who kept pushing for bigger allowances from fifth child onwards.  This meant that by 012001, the government had increased the allowance to NIS 855month from fifth child onwards, while discouraging those with a smaller family with a child allowance of only NIS 171month.

 Furthermore, Berman has effectively documented the demographic, and hence political, consequence of this policy by illustrating how the ultra-orthodox population share is projected to rise from 5.2 in 1995 to 12.4 in 2025, meaning that 22.5 of the Israeli children at that time will belong to ultra-orthodox Jewish families, signifying a dramatic shift in labor force ratios on one end of the spectrum and political power on the other end.

Conclusion
In my view, the policy shift implemented by the Sharon government in 2003 was a step in the right direction, wherein they proceeded to revise the figures of child allowances, equalizing them and making them smaller, but there is a greater need to streamline the system in line with economic realities.  Haaretz( had reported that because of the 2003 policy shift, fertility rates dropped among both the Bedouin population, as well as ultra-orthodox Jewish community, signaling a relationship between child allowances and fertility rates.  While the figures of child allowance can be revised upward from time to time, a concentrated effort needs to be made to avoid the principle of incremental increases, as well as any dramatic increases in these figures.  I, however, do not see any need to propose or implement rate increases at this point in time, given the policy success experienced since 2003.

I began my acquaintance with international relations at a very young age. I was born into a Mexican-Italian family in Tucson, Arizona, and so being taught me greatly about the dynamics of working within different cultures  be it those of my parents or that of the community. My Mexican mother and Italian father made sure that we were well acquainted with their respective cultures, while we children took on the responsibility of orienting ourselves to our American environment. My cultural knowledge was further enriched when my family later moved to Sonora, Mexico.

At the age of eighteen, I moved back into Tucson to pursue higher education. I took up an Economics degree in the University of Arizona while maintaining a job to support my studies. During this period, I further enriched my knowledge by taking up language courses in Mandarin Chinese, Italian, and Tok Pisin. In 2006, I was given a chance to study in Nanjing, China, during which the experience of working with U.S. Foreign Service agents further fueled my desire to pursue a similar calling.

In the summer of 2008, I applied and was selected for an international internship in the American Embassy in Papua New Guinea. This experience gave me an opportunity to work with the ambassador and several diplomats, all of whom encouraged me to pursue my goal further. During this time, I formulated several economic and political reports, and also got to work with key personnel in several projects, including a Liquefied Natural Gas Project Agreement with the national government of Papua New Guinea.

Upon my return to the United States in the same year, I was hired to work as an intern in the US Foreign Commercial Service in Monterrey, Mexico. My tasks in this post included assisting in research oriented towards creating international opportunities for American businesses on both short- and long-term bases.

I immediately began work as a management analyst in the US Department of Defense following my graduation in 2009. The various pressures and the stringent standards we have to maintain in working for the Pentagon has, I believe, further honed my attention to detail, tact and diplomacy, and acumen for the nuances of international relations.

After all of this, I am proud to say that I am still possessed of the desire to further enhance my knowledge and experience of the discipline and practice of international relations. Though my heritage and experiences have taught me much about it, I still consider my knowledge limited, and there are still a lot I would like to learn more about. Economic assessment in the current global crisis, issues of policy and governance, emergent markets in the Asia-Pacific region, international trade relations  these are but some of the fields that I am genuinely interested in, and I have more than a couple of questions regarding them-questions that I believe will be best resolved with the help of the esteemed faculty of Johns Hopkins University.

To this end, I believe that my economics degree, my language skills, and my experience working in Asia and Latin America equip me to better deal with the academic and professional requirements of the course. I am confident that this course and the opportunities it will provide me will give me the best chance of further coming closer to my goal of ultimately becoming a Foreign Affairs Specialist in the Department of State.

Many organizations are demonstrating a lot of collaborative initiatives. This need arises because not all organizations have their workforces in centralized areas, neither are they capable of accessing all their needs from within their organizations. Due to the need of sharing information horizontally and vertically, many organizations recognize then need for information and task collaboration so that the end users can develop themselves while propelling the organizations productivity and returns. Thus, any organization not embracing collaboration risks push out of their market by other competitors.  One way which most organizations perpetuate collaboration is via innovation, which goes hand in hand with partnering. This paper will dwell on the role that collaboration plays in the businesses today. This paper outlines that intelligent organizations such as Cisco Systems Inc. acquire and share knowledge about their business environment so that they can come up with products and services that are likeable by the customers. This paper concluded that such collaboration must be technology grounded in order to be successful in the globalization process.

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview  Description of the problem
This research aims to provide information that proves that collaboration plays a significant role in business today. According to Chris Huxman and Sir Evy Vangen (2005, p. 4), collaboration is the process of attaining a specific end by working across organisational boundaries. It involves the collaborative relationships that organisations have apart from this, this notion of collaboration is not related to conflictual or competitive relationships that are directed to the fall of a common enemy. It is a positive relationship between organisations, such as joint ventures, alliances, partnerships and so on.
However, despite all the positive aspects of collaboration, why is it that there are some companies who hit a blank wall whenever they collaborate with other companies The answer lies in the fact that some companies are not fit to do collaboration (Hansen 2009, p. 11).

According to Michael Porter (1998, p.21), people view their competition pessimistically, and sometimes, there are companies that try to collaborate with their rival companies in the hopes that their collaboration would produce great results and ultimately lessen the competition. However, doing such ambitious plans need a lot of plans and may eventually backfire. If a company wishes to collaborate with another company, it must consider every aspect of the other company and try to see whether the collaboration would indeed be beneficial (Hansen 2009,pp. 11-12).

Some organisations also underestimate the costs of the collaboration process. Some collaborations, which require sharing customers can cause a lot of problems, for most individuals, tend to distrust the other side, resulting in competition instead of collaboration. There are times when managers are not able to foresee such problems and made financial projections that were faulty. Working with other organisations requires projecting finances that will be able to address potential problems in case they occur the manager must always anticipate potential problems and this includes having the finances to troubleshoot these problems (Hansen 2009, p 13).

Another problem that collaboration may pose is that it primarily involves a lot of meetings between the collaborating companies. Nobody likes meetings for a lot of people are cynical regarding the capacity of a lot of people to reach a consensus, given that they have different opinions. People may interrupt or talk over each other during these collaborations and there are those who may manipulate and dominate the discussion. However, this problem is not an inherent problem of collaboration itself, but of the people involved in the collaboration. Most people do not understand how collaboration works and it has to be learned. People have to work together in order to make the process of collaboration effective for their organisations (Straus 2002, p. 3).

1.2 Research Question
How is technology changing the way international businesses collaborate

1.3 Further research aims
What are the advantages and disadvantages of collaboration for the collaborating organisations and how can collaborating organisations ensure that these advantages will be achieved and that these disadvantages will be avoided
How does collaboration with another organisation affect the performance of the organisations and its employees
What are the conclusions and recommendations to international businesses about re-engineering their collaboration processes

1.4 Study Objectives
1. To establish how collaboration spurs business performance when embedded with technology, systems and cultures.
2. To recommend to organizations ways in which they can implement collaborations in order to achieve desirable return on investments and returns on collaboration.

1.5 Significance of the study
The significance of this study is to demonstrate how business collaboration positively impacts on the common organizational resources such as time management, talent development and new idea and product development. Thus, the outcome of this study will be useful in motivating various business leaders and managers to spare resources and investment for the sake of collaboration. Once such strategies are in place, it is predicted most large-scale businesses will realize about 4 million worth of return from a 1 million worth of investment on collaboration. Most significant, this study is keen on guiding organizations to ground their collaboration on culture. In fact, this study predicts that the return on investment could yield up to 7 times more returns when the collaboration is culture led as compared to 4 times more returns when the collaboration is command and control led.

1.6 Hypothesis
With the inherent benefits accruing from Return on Collaboration, big companies such as Cisco Systems Inc CFOs, CIO and other senior managers will embrace the process of business collaboration as a culture. Whereas a lot of work is ongoing to quantify and qualify the Returns on Collaboration and their roles in businesses, key performance indicators such as ROC index are proving to be successful ways of evaluating the course for these investment. In terms of business social networking, collaboration is cited as one of the best value creators where workforce can explore various communication media to boost productivity, spur confidence and make decisions in a timely manner.

Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Collaboration as a business culture with probable returns
According to King (2003), collaboration is very important to the upcoming businesses because the internal departments may be experiencing insufficient capacity to execute roles such as engineering, technical development, communication. Thus, the best outcomes from business collaboration are likely to be realized when the core business goals and the specialization skills are identified independently (IBM 2008). Further observation by King (2003) states that collaboration enables key organizational staff to concentrate on what they do best whether they are in administration, product development or sales. King (2003) also notes that most organizations will be successful because their show social traits since the inputs required differing interdependencies. In this way, collaboration encourages business support and sharing of secured collective knowledge (IBM 2008).

King (2003) credited the culture of collaborations as coming from initiatives such as Wikis, Blogs and WELL, which enables people to share information from a virtual perspective. To that effect, it is common to see all disciplines professional employees narrowing the information gaps across the globe (Brannback, 2003). Further collaborations is evident when companies rate and protect each other against the trust issues especially is the ventures like eBay, Amazon.com and others. Using appropriate software and systems development, these organizations are capable of collaborating individuals, teams, companies and locations (Ferris 2010). The Java is one such format of collaboration.

Research by Austin (2001) concluded that there are three major classifications of business collaboration. These are the transactional, integrative and philanthropic collaborations, as shown in appendix I.
 the more effective collaborations are characterized by clear purpose, mission congruency, high and mutually balanced value creation, effective communication, and deep reciprocal commitment. Austin (2001).

The philanthropic collaboration is one of the most popular strategies whereby organizations donate to the society or support their workforces. The philanthropic collaborations play the important role of giving the organizations a positive image such as caring, sharing and corporate social responsibility (Austin 2001). The Transactional collaboration is by exchange of values that are not available within and individual organizations. Such values may include roles in marketing, sponsorship and strategy sharing, even though the most widely known form of transactional collaboration involves the financial exchange (Austin 2001). Finally, the integrative collaboration involves the coalition of smaller business entities as long as they share mission and visions. This is characteristic of mergers and acquisitions. The integrative collaborations play the role of availing core competencies to the partners in joint ventures, formation of common markets and the creation of product values and standards (Austin 2001). It is important to note that all the above-mentioned collaboration by Austin (2001, could take shape either in isolation or in overlap modes across many organizations.

Rosen (2009a) was cited in Businessweek.com asserting that any organization that does not embrace collaboration will eventually face internal competition, which in the long run has undesired cost. This is true because when workforces and teams start competing internally, they may end up conflicting and the business values will diminish with time. However, if such business entities are for collaboration, the various departments will exist in harmony and issues like customer dissatisfaction will reduce. Rosen (2009a), favour collaboration rather than competition because the conflicts evident by blame games will not be manifested to the customers and on the returns on investment. Therefore, the creature and perpetuation of the workforce stars if not desirable because it antagonizes workforces as opposed to when the culture of collaboration is encouraged.

All said and implemented studies show that establishing the collaboration culture is proving to be the most difficult venture in most organizations. According to the Cisco Systems Inc. CEO, culture causes most organizations leaders a headache, and Rosen (2009b), agrees with the following observation,
without a culture of collaboration, the best processes, systems, tools and leadership strategies fall flat.

No wonder many organizationss strategies fail at the culture level of collaboration and reverse the strategy all together. Organizations like Cisco have been successful in the introduction of more than 60 collaboration products without much hitch in the systems. Cisco is very aggressive in the introduction of video cam coders as a way of expanding their market telepresence across the globe. According to Rosen (2009), such technology as videoconferencing has come along way in supporting business collaborations since past attempts to introduce it in the market met stiff opposition on the privacy breach grounds. However, this problem resolved by the sense of conference schedules.

A study by Frost and Sullivan aimed at measuring Return on Collaboration (ROC) (Rosen 2009). Whereas the previous performance indicators such as Return on Investment (ROI) was keen in quantifying investment gained or cost, the ROC on the other hand relayed the improvements yielded after departments or organization collaborated in business. Hence, the RD, sales, and marketing ranked higher than most departments in the sampled organizations (Rosen 2009).

An earlier study to establish the best way forward for business collaboration revealed that most organizations that collaborate in business gain more than double as compared to those that do not. Second, this study sought to establish how many organizations uses latest technologies such as Voice-Over-Internet Protocol and video conferencing and Cisco telepresence among others to collaborate and get tasks accomplished. Third, this study was successful in establishing a Return on Collaboration index to be used as a benchmark for future research and identify the areas of improvement. Thus, most organizations scored 4.2 on this scale, which has implications that they received above for time or returns whenever they collaborated.  This study also established that most organizations favour unified communications collaborations systems as compared to those in similar business segments that did not have such collaboration systems on a scale of 74 in terms of returns on collaboration. This study also established that 4 in every 1 organization have advanced plans of implementing the communications collaborations systems at most by the third year from the date of the study (Verizon 2009).

The Frost and Sullivan Study (Verizon 2009) established that VoIP was the most popular mode of communication collaboration that helps many professionals to steer away from stress. However, the study noted instances where the employees were not friendly with technology due to concerns about confidentiality. The study was upbeat about the growing preference for telecommuting since the environment was conducive in many cases. Overall, the study concluded that collaboration was more effective in the regional settings wherever there was deployment with varied responses from the basic, intermediate and advanced collaborators (Verizon 2009).

2.2 Cisco Systems Inc Case Study on Business Collaboration
2.2.1 Ciscos Collaboration and Communication
According to Cisco Systems Inc. (2008), modern communication and collaboration is the key to workforce satisfaction and nature of inherent talents. Hence, if the communications is well entrenched with technology, the business prospers with few gaps and motivation flexibilities to accomplish tasks. Such collaboration also guarantees the businesses stable operational environment where their short and long-term strategies execution, productivity multiplication and innovations harnessed.

Research shows that most business entities are leaning towards communication technology to track development trends and search for new markets (Cisco Systems Inc. 2008). Cisco, as a case study engages communication technology to achieve various objectives. First, Cisco is keen in embracing globalization concepts that will enable their business to expand beyond the borders with the value chain processes like outsourcing, data warehousing, marketing, human resource management and supplies taking a leading role. This initiative enables Cisco to match and exceed the current market expectations.

Second, Cisco is aware of the advantages that communication up scaling can offer to their business due to the inherent collaboration. This awareness stems from the possibilities and realities that the Cisco market segment experiences in terms of constant changes. Therefore, in order to stay ahead of the competition, Cisco seeks to be a market communication innovator. Cisco accomplishes this goal by alignment with the real time technologies to shrink the geographical distances and enable efficient decision-making processes (Cisco Systems Inc. 2008).

Third, Cisco is keen on empowering and collaboration their workforce to make them competent, reliable and adaptable to emerging work technologies (Cisco Systems Inc. 2008). This step has the goals of making the workforce move efficient to the delivery of customer expectations and skilled in the operations of common applications such as Web 2.0 with minimum breach of security details and ability to support the stakeholders in the systems.

Fourth, Cisco would like to achieve optimum business results without much modification on their existing systems (Cisco Systems Inc. 2008). Hence, Cisco is exploiting the advantages of collaboration using IT to leverage their technology strengths to the market. This process ensures that the Cisco systems are serviceable on a 24-hour basis from any locations in the world. Thus, the employees are encouraged to used common communication platform such as social networks to enhance collaboration for the need of connectivity.

Fifth, Cisco is concerned that historical communication tactics such as e-mails are experiencing much difficulties such as merging, archiving and bulkiness (Cisco Systems Inc. 2008). Hence, Cisco would like to champion innovations that will make such communication and collaboration efficient and effective. Therefore, Cisco trains the workforce in flexible applications such as blogs, video conferencing and technical presentations as a step towards compliance with business cost and time optimization goals. Instant messaging is one such initiative. Cisco believes that a mobile workforce is just as good as the business application contents in use because this feature makes everyone comfortable from within and outside the organization.

2.2.2 Ciscos Emerging Collaboration Technologies
Cisco is a market technology leader in communications and collaborations. The company uses communication technology to spur productivity, inspire innovations and expand business scope. Thus, Cisco utilizes Information Technology to meet their business goals while collaborating with all the stakeholders. Such collaborations impact a lasting experience to the Cisco workforce since they are capable of optimum resource utilization, within the shortest time frame (Cisco Systems Inc. 2008).

Ciscos communication and collaboration strategy offers better outcomes because the workforces have access to relevant parts of the system and tasks. Previous approaches such as power point and bulk mails are considered time consuming and inefficient (Cisco Systems Inc. 2009). Emerging collaboration technologies at Cisco target internal and external areas. This strategy links the Cisco suppliers, customers and the workforce as well as set pace for the continuous improvement process (Cisco Systems Inc. 2008).

2.2.3 Ciscos Collaboration in business and inherent problems
While collaborating with other stakeholders, Cisco prefers to adopt a generic implementation of  new technology that tests the features as the systems is under trial so that the adjustments can be appropriately recommended and effected. This strategy also enables the workforce to upgrade the collaboration network within the shortest time possible (Cisco Systems Inc. 2008).

The Cisco collaboration process attempts to offer most solutions from a robust architectural platform. However, this process has range of problems (Cisco Systems Inc. 2008).The first problem is how the communication strategy will enable the workforce complete their tasks effectively. The second problem is how Cisco will be able to recruit and retain the best workforce capable of adapting to the systems. The third problem that Cisco attempts to address is how the collaboration systems will succeed in integrating the pilot and virtual groups of the organization. The fourth problem is the bigger quest to collaborate with the rest of the world since Cisco would like their system to be as compatible with the other machines and technology from any location all the time.

A solution to all the above problems facing Cisco collaboration for business excellence will enable the company to achieve the desired goals. This process also highlights the companies tools that are available as well as the logistical strengths and weaknesses of the company. The system enables the top management to identify any immediate and future needs without duplication of the operational areas (Cisco Systems Inc. 2008).

2.2.4 Ciscos Collaboration for innovation and competitive advantage
Cisco boasts of an internal innovation architecture that shapes the business strategy and solution development. One such innovation is the widely used Wikis which enables people from inside the Cisco organization and from outside to store their information and data in a collaborative manner. The Wikis platform has a competitive advantage over other systems because it enables frequent editing of the documents therein (Cisco Systems Inc. 2008). Cisco has a range of collaborative technologies such as Web 2.0, business applications, contents and other services. These technologies have the capability of linking the Cisco workplaces, data archiving, search engines and overlap between the customer contents. The Cisco platforms also enable innovative customers to upload documents via RSS feeds, video conferencing, Wikis, Cisco Blogs, instant messaging and social networking and meetings.

The Cisco system is an innovative platform for collaboration that is capable of multitasking various business processes. Apart from offering a robust security platform, the Cisco system is a network on its own, which is easy to use with the integration of various software (Cisco Systems Inc. 2008). All users have secured system access that keep of intruders and malicious hackers. Using the innovative Cisco Unified Communication, the workforces are able to share solutions and instance messages. The Cisco Directory 3.0 has proved a success in the social networking arena with the workforce being able to locate each other or their peers in the wider organizational structures (Weinwright, 2007).    

Past research by Bunker  Zick (1999), revealed that collaboration was important in business institutions to enable stakeholders communicate, carry out situational research share relevant information with the public. Hence, the establishment of public libraries aides the learning institutions in running their businesses, whereby, there is room for analysis and feedback for continuous improvement. Such libraries acts as a bank for authenticated information where generations can archive and download data based on their areas of interest. The libraries further utilize multimedia technology to enhance collaboration across a wide base of user applications.

2.3 Summary
From the literature review and brief case study of Cisco Systems Inc., it is clear that collaboration plays and important role in the business entities today. Thus, organizations such as Cisco are capable of mobilizing their resources from internal and external locations to maximize their returns from business collaboration. The competitive advantages that are realized under such initiatives are immense and the workforce and customers expectations are exceeded by such collaborative initiatives. Similarly, innovations are created at a faster rate (Violini, 2007).  However, due to challenges posed by globalization, there is need for the collaboration networks to be secure in order to assure of authenticity and confidential sharing of information (Cisco Systems Inc. 2009). Finally according to Hagel, Durchslag, and Brown, (2002, p.1)

Collaboration can only generate economic value when is firmly anchored in specific business processes that span across enterprises. Unlocking this economic value will require a very different approach to managing business processes. New generations of information technology can be significantly enablers but much progress can be made with technology already available. In fact, companies should start the transition now because lengthy lead-times are required to build the necessary skills.

At the beginning of the industrial revolution, the Chinese were economically and politically advanced just like the western economies in urbanization, per capita consumption, markets, institutions, technological dynamism, life experiences and land yields. The painfully evident divergence between the West and China by 1900 got its foundations on the start of industrial revolution (Pomeranz, 2000, p.382). However, since the market reforms that were made in china by the beginning of 1978, the economic growth of China have been increasing at approximately 10 cent per year. In the recent past, the economy of China has been among the fastest growing economies in the world and the country is gaining its old economic as well as political position that existed before the great divergence in the 1900s.  According to international official data, this growth has further accelerated since 2000. Internationally approved measures of the growth of Chinas economy reveal that this growth could be even higher than was officially reported. The analysis contained in this paper brings out the future of China in terms of global political and economic power and success (Keidel 2007, par, 1).

Chinas current political economy
Today, China has the longest constant period of fast expansion since the reforms began. This expansion surge satirically received motivation during SARS pandemic of 2003. Government investment promotions planned to counteract the epidemics effect turned to be pointless and therefore excessive. However good financial control over the cash circulating and additional steps controlled overinvestment in bubble-prone sectors. The officially reported retail price and consumer inflation measured less than two per cent by 2006 (Keidel 2007, par, 9).

Chinas economic growth rate since early 1990s has properly outdone the twentieth century global growth records. This is especially comparable to Japan and the East Asian economies such as South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. Chinas size and population makes it hard to compare its current level of development with other historical time periods of other countries. Since 1978, the countrys GDP has experienced very wrenching changes. After increasing prices of farm products significantly in the year1979, China transformed her socialist communes to family unit farming in early 1980s.  It also formed banks and changed government budgetary funding for ventures with loans from banks. Later in the1980s, the country transferred the operational control of its industrial units from the Communist Party secretaries to the factory managers and gave them incentives for making money. By late 1990s a good number of state ventures had been purchased by private interests. At the same time banks had already been changed to operate progressively more as businesses. Government budgets moved from a system of slush fund cubbyholes into a modern tax revenue system (Keidei 2007, par.9), with spending regulation, based on one-treasury account.

The people have moved in drove to urban regions, education brings quality pay in almost all jobs, and the public education via nine grades is universal. Limited-access public roads network across all provinces, and an internet and telecommunications backbone extends to the county towns and further. Chinas integration in the intercontinental community goes beyond what South Korea or even Japan ever reached at this phase of their development. Its embrace of foreign direct investment and World Trade Organization is exceptional and greatly contributes to its current growth success. The International Monetary Fund and the Treasury Department have in many occasions confirmed that china meets global standards in its management of economy and resources (Walgreen 2009, p. 2).

China Ten Years from Today
The current trend on the growth and development of China on international standards is no flash in the pan (Keidel 2007, par. 1). The implications of such a fast, continued growth include the possibility of China changing the global patterns of trade, pricing and production as well as amendments in the global-military- force- balance projection capacities (Keidei 2007, par 2). This implies that China is going to overtake the United States of America in terms of overall GDP sometime before 2040.

However, the economic size of China is not likely to quickly transform into equivalent levels of military prowess due to the slow progress in accumulating global bases and military hardware (Ikenberry 2008, par. 4).

In the next 10 years, the economy of China will still rise at an estimated rate of 7 to 8. In 2020, should the price index stay as it is today, Chinas GDP will total 38 trillion per capita. GDP is most likely to reach 26,000 (Yuan). However, per capita GDP in China is at now very low. Currently, GDP per capitas expansion is at a sluggish rate. GDP per capita must have been increased so as to lift Chinas living standards in order to link the current gap between the rich and the poor. Consumers need satisfaction will be the major drive in lifting living standards of the Chinese citizens. Domestic demand thus will rise as the economy advances. Therefore extensive manufacture of goods and services will push and further sustain the growth of the economy (Lee 2009, par. 2, 3).

Moreover, there exist rich human resources in China. Labor cost is much lower in China as compared to other developed countries. The education system in China is still being developed fast and more citizens will attain higher standards of education unlike in the past. With proportional benefit in labor cost and raise of human resources brought about through education, future of Chinas economy will be even brighter. The labor force in China is expected to grow even better as the country is urbanizing fast, changing from a rural-agricultural society to an urbanized, industrialized society. In the course of the transition, additional manpower will be utilized. Urban communications will be enhanced and increase in metropolitan population will come along with higher level of consumption, thus developing the economy even further (Lee 2009, par. 4-6). The existence of a large market, joined with increase in the consumption power of the people, will thus create larger prospects for approximately all industries. Market will be more competent and the industries will become even faster. Demand for goods and services in the local markets will increase, creating improved opportunities for investment and production (Lee 2009, par. 8)

Why China will continue to develop rapidly than other countries
One reason why China will effectively outshine other competing countries economically is due to the effectiveness of its two-pronged financial system. The initial prong is an efficiently run and directed credit system. This channels funds from the banks and the postal deposits to a strategy set for public uses. The next prong is an income oriented, competitive system, although it is still in its early and ineffective phases of development. Equally, these prongs continue undergoing quick government sponsored restructuring to ensure they are always and more effective (Nichols 2009 par.4). China will turn out to be the worlds largest and safest economy in decades to come particularly due to the following factors rich labor resources, huge market potential, sound corporate governance, stable government and society as well as relative advantage in labor cost. All of the factors will continually attract an inflow of overseas capital to China. Simply, Chinas wealth in economic and political power will develop even quicker in the near future (Lee 2009, par. 1)

How solid is Chinas economy
There is enough evidence from the estimates and views from the World Bank that are a solid proof of the viability in the economic growth of china. According to World Bank, China has been involved in many rigorous and genuine efforts to raise its economic standards which are now rewarding well. For example there is the Three Step Development Strategy that was adopted by the country, which clearly states Chinas economic construction goals and objectives. By now, China has already achieved two of the objectives and the last objective (which is to increase per capita GNP to the standards of medium level developed nations) is yet to be realized by 2050. In addition, The Central Intelligence Agency, issued some reports recently comparing Chinas emergence and influence on  worlds economy  with the impact the U.S. had during the past century as well as  Germany during  the 19th century. The report said that by the year 2020 the geopolitical center of gravity in the world most likely will tilt towards Asia (especially China). China is expected-according to, The Central Intelligence Agency- to have suppressed Japan and become second from the US (Lee 2009, par. 3)

China not a real threat to the US
In as much as the subject of China and its economic sovereignty has brought many views from scholars on the likelihood of the country overtaking the US, this is not likely to happen because, the two countries are operating on different grounds. What these scholars dont see is how the two countries relate in terms of population, economics philosophy, geography and the military. The key goal of China is economic development whereas the USs goals are multifaceted to include the economy, the military and the well being of Americans. USA is the super power of the world and has the principal economy in the entire world but for the last ten years, China has been improving economically while the US is engaged in war against terrorism. This shows the whole different between the two approaches. China is concentrating on further improving the economy while the US has several issues to attend to which have been dividing its attention on the economy (Gupta 2009, par.4)

Challenges facing China
The major political and economic challenges that face China are directly connected to its booming growth that has left many of the developed countries questioning the transparency and possibility of the achievement by China. This is because it has taken many countries decades to achieve half of the growth that China has attained in a few years. In spite of Chinas booming economic rise and the scores of strong local and global supports for sustained fast expansion for decades, numerous limitations and challenge face nations policymakers to date (Keidel 2007, par, 9).

Among the most serious challenges is the central governments convolution in penalizing local government conduct. The primary priority of the locals has been in promoting themselves and advancing their careers through vigorously advocating for higher investment charges and increased output levels. Contrary, the central officials are concerned with too much investment, unsold stocks, and confined policies, risking national inflation on the prices. Local conduct is hard to control since Chinas local affairs are basically commercial in nature but not federal. The central administration accomplishes its objectives at local level through operating with local government bureaus- not along with them. Thus, central officials have to often function through the local offices that they are expected to investigate (Hamashita  Takeshi 2008, 16-18)Many Chinese corporations have had grand success with two categories of globalization. The initial is winning global markets through exports in China. The next is possession of natural reserves assets in Australia, Latin America and Africa. However, these globalization assets will be reaching their natural confines, and none is principally demanding in terms of cross-border managerial ability. Exports will by no means be as significant for Chinas expansion as before. China is by now the worlds number one exporter. If Chinas exports were to maintain growth as in the last ten years, they could shoot up from ten per cent of the total world exports to approximately fifty per cent by 2020. This is a political and economic impossibility. Likewise, political control problems in other nations will soon start to put key restrictions on Chinas capacity to obtain natural resources (Gupta 2009, par.4). The primary challenge concerns financial expertise which is critical in ensuring that cross-border acquisitions are properly assessed and examined for its financial and strategic qualities and completed on right terms. Given the plenty of capital within China and recognized propensity on Chinas national enterprises to place national regulation goals prior to shareholder worth maximization, Chinese business leaders are at a relatively premature phase in increasing world funding skills. Sound fiscal analysis cannot be contracted out to the investment bankers since investment bankers make their charges by causing deals to happen.

Another challenge facing China involves the skills required to generate and run horizontal associations in which, major resources are dispensed across borders and controlled by managers alienated from each other by cultural, geographic and language distances. Chinas is a command-and-control economy embedded in a culture that respects hierarchy (Conway 2009, p.10).  Most of the Chinese organizations consider information to be a basis of power resulting in a lower measure of transparency between firms as compared to that of Western corporations. In addition, China is a reasonably homogenous country in terms of religion, race, and language. Notably most the Chinese managers particularly those at superior levels in key companies are at least fluent in Basic English which is the trade language in the world.

While many companies in China are title holders at competing through cost effectiveness, they have not yet mastered the science and art of competing using differentiation. Lenovo is determined to differentiate itself by brand and product design (Ikenberry 2008 par.5). Other outstanding companies like, Haier (appliances), Li Ning (apparel and athletic shoes) and Huawei (telecommunications) are making a similar effort. Nevertheless, for the greater part of Chinese companies, using differentiation as a tool for competition still remains distant (Ikenberry 2008 par.9)
 
Political understanding and barriers to likely acquisitions by these companies in other industrial economies is the other challenge facing China. Major examples comprise roadblocks encountered by CNOOC while attempting to obtain the United States based Unocal. Also Huawei Technologies in its effort to acquire shares in 3Com and Marconi. This challenge stands well and alive, as confirmed lately by the resolution of Rio Tintos panel to decline the offer by Chinalco to increase its capacity in shareholding of the company. The bases of this political oriented sensitivity is in the fact that the majority of big acquirers in China have a tendency of being owned by the state or supported by the state and governments are hesitant to surrender power over strategic assets to any foreign government.

Even though China has gained some extremely refined production facilities during trade and has built several sophisticated engineering plants able to manufacture a growing variety of advanced equipment such as satellites nuclear weapons, the majority of its manufacturing output is still gotten from reasonably ill-equipped factories. The technological rank and worth of its industry are basically fairly low.

Precautions
This implies that the next move in globalization by the Chinese companies must be different. It will call for smart achievement of established corporations in several of the worlds chief economies. It will also require competent management of geologically discrete marketing and manufacturing. It will require division of management decision-making power to superior executives from diverse national ethnicity located miles away. It will also call for ability to combine all the dispersed assets as well as run a consistent global venture. Chinese corporations will require conquering four main challenges to pursue this kind of globalization (Conway 2009, 6).There has also been an escalating level of corruption in China which if not taken heed to will soon drive the prosperous economy to its knees. Chinas authoritarianism has been a ground for breeding corruption in the recent past. In a political regime that is lacking the essential of an effective functioning democracy, the societal groups cannot run to the press to handle their cases or a sovereign judiciary or even opposition parties to address their complaints. Therefore the revolts are what they have left (Thoma 2009, par. 7). The government of China thus needs to address the issue of corruption among its top officials and the managers of the leading industrial corporations so save the country from the giant of corruption that has not spared any super power in the past if left unaddressed (Thoma 2009, par. 7)
 
China is being seen as an upcoming threat for the United States economic and political power. Some economic analysts have confirmed that the American political-economic era is approaching its end and Western initiated order of the world is being replaced by the East. The analysts go ahead noting that as China gains more power and the U.S. position grinds down, two major things are expected to happen China will attempt to utilize its emergent influence to reform the regulations and associations of the global system to serve its interests better, and other nations in that system (particularly the declining hegemon) will begin to view China as a rising threat of security. The consequence of these expansions as they envisage will be distrust, conflict and tension. These are characteristic features of a power changeover. In such a view, the drama in the rise of China will feature a progressively more influential China and further declining United States closed in a blockbuster conflict over the leadership and rules of the global system. This being the expected drama in the future if China continues to outdo the worlds giant economies, it is therefore important that China builds strong and diplomatic relations with the competing economies to avoid the possibly of conflict, mistrust and tension with other nations which might affect both its economic and political prosperity in the near future.

Conclusion
China is currently the fastest growing world economy. The growth of the country is expected to expand further within the next ten years because the limiting factors are already being addressed and those that have not been addressed are too merger to affect the future prosperity of the country.

However, the country needs to carefully look into the issue of governance and corruption which are the greatest enemies to any growing economy. The US political power will still remain since China does not have much to do with the politics of its economy and the current resolve by the US to revert terrorism and terrorists attacks is expected to assist in stabilizing the United States political sovereignty. In addition, the expansion of China will improve its economy as has been predicted, but evidence has shown that the dimension that China is taking will cause a direct threat to the US because the aim of China is not to cause rivalry with the US but to work together with developed nations in improving its economy.

Internationalization is a variable process as opposed to a constant one. One claim that prevails in a significant majority of literature on globalization is the perception of transformation as well as development and consolidation being spawned on the platform of internationalization. The welfare state that characterizes Denmark did not come out from within and below but on the contrary as a result of the various processes that characterized its interactions between the domestic state on one side and the international community in which the country was inextricably bound, on the other. It is critical for one to fully grasp how the country has gotten accustomed and as such responded to the international as well as European environment. This suggests that we study Denmarks national features as well as its institutions, various actors and their knowledge levels together with the countries reflexivity as well as external state systems. As such, these internationalization and Europeanization processes are of critical significance in studying the Danish Welfare state. This posits Denmarks foreign policy to be transformationalist.  In the ensuing of history, the Danish state has managed to set an agenda for example, with regard to issues of the environment. Societys fulfillment as well as separation of the state from the society was made in Denmark through assenting to the democratic constitution that was ideally liberal in June of 1849 as well as the 1857 Freedom of Trade Act. The emergence of a democratized constitution in Denmark can be interpreted as being party to the context of the process of Europeanization with transformations in state relations.

The Danish international trade policy is endeared towards fostering more free trade on a global scale. Denmarks economy as well as the world economy together with respective economies of developing countries derives benefits from increased trade on a global scale. In 2003, 146 World Trade Organization member countries so as to take a look at the progress they had made which would then facilitate second phase negotiations, met in Cancun, Mexico. United States and European Union member countries like Denmark presented a common proposal for agriculture as a principle area in the Cancun talks. In this proposal, the European Union wanted to face out export subsidies on product that it perceived to be of particular interest to countries in the third world. This was on a platform of stable and transparent conditions of investment for all nations that met under the umbrella of WTO. So as to make progress in Mexico, E.U member states like Denmark preferred to be flexible. As part of similar efforts, the Danish state has modeled a host of bilateral outreach initiatives that promote development of developing nations. This is aimed at developing and enhancing the bilateral talks in the same round of talks as in Cancun, in Doha Qatar. Among Denmarks initiatives was its governments sponsored ministerial talks on the African continent (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Para 1).

Garret argued that elevated trade which came across with diminished barriers was of benefit to affluent counties as well as poor countries but lacked to benefit the middle placed countries (Stone 18). This is because ideally, comparative advantage theory did not consider the size of nations such as the Indian subcontinent as well as the Peoples Republic of China. It was as a result of the impossibility for nations of middle-income to entice capital that sought lower costs of labor when the same capital would opt to be invested in China or India where both legal as well as political structures were relatively enhanced to promote enterprise development (Garret 85). Denmark thus, being one such country is dwarfed with regard to its labor force by that of India and China with lopsided outcomes in trade.

The phase that spans from early 1950s to the early 1970s provided to a significant proportion a moderately steady as well as benefiting environment for the existence of the welfare state in Denmark. Increased social expenditure as well as the growth that characterized the public sector that was enhanced by the prevalent economic growth added up to further progress as well as  consolidation of the welfare state. In the last years of the sixties and the following years of the early 70s transforming governments and the leading civil servants came up with more strategic policies together with changes in the countrys institutions so as to enhance the welfare dimension in Denmark. A critical reform in administration at the level of municipality was introduced in nineteen seventy whereupon the new structure of the municipality gave room for a better environment for   social reforms, that came shortly after. A majority of the undertaken reforms were perceived as the creation of the best welfare state in the world. This quite impressive growth of the welfare state in Denmark relied on a continuous expansion as well as a full policy on employment. Consequently, numerous events that took place at the beginning of the early 1970s had severe ramifications for the welfare state in Denmark as well as other welfare states around the world.

 A combination of events that fall back to the late 1960s but primarily 1971 and onwards are explained as the causes of a completely new situation in Denmark. A radical change in the American foreign policy doubled with the latters economic policy as well as the oil predicament giving rise to an ideological crisis as well as political and fiscal crisis in Denmark. Nixons doctrine in 1969 was the pioneer significant move in the American foreign policy. It ended the world embracing of communism as a policy. America persuaded nations such as Brazil as well as Iran together with Saudi Arabia and Israel to proceed as its sub-imperial powers. This strategy was enhanced by both naval and air power but not ground marines (Reifer  Sudler 199628). This shift in policy resulted into the hobby of a dtente with the Former USSR. As a result there was a striking change in Americas relationship with China. When Secretary Kissinger in July of 1971 and later on President Nixon in the following year shook hands with Chairman Mao of Peoples Republic of China, the whole world was surprised with the exception of Japan (Calvocoressi 199178). Americas reproach of China was to serve as a warning to the former Soviet Union not to lightly take the tense Russo-American dtente (Calvocoressi 1991109).

The newly derived Sino-USA subtlety as well as the American-Russian diplomacy was endeared towards pressuring the Peoples Republic of China together with the former Soviet Union into fully accepting the norms of the American dominated interstate system. Chinas consistent criticism of the former Soviet Union was a major factor in the major change with regard to the world balance of power to Americas decisive benefit (Reifer and Sudler 199628). In the same way, this shift in policy implied a signal to the western allies that they too, to a larger extent, were in the long run expected to look after them. The reformulation and ultimate remodeling of the alliance meant new priorities with regard to Denmarks objectives as well as aims.

Primarily, communist revolts that were internal were no longer perceived as authentic hazards. This signal was also alluded to by Americas decision to shut the window of gold. President Nixons 1971 decision to end the conversion of the dollar with gold, consequently, brought down the Bretton Woods Institutions system. This was not only a signal but also a fresh policy in the world economic strategies which came across with fresh priorities. The critical and primary priority was the objective of dropping the high rate of inflation by any means necessary which included resolving the prevalent unemployment. Economic policy that was ideally Keynesian replaced was in its place replaced by Friedman monetarism. This meant that the policy on employment that to a given extent was the driving force behind welfare collapsed. These economic and political transformations had rigorous implications for Denmark as a welfare state. This was the 1973 and 1979 OPEC oil crises (Hirst  Thompson 19995).

The oil crises had severe consequences for Americas major competitors who primarily were European countries like Denmark as payment for oil was in the American dollar. Resultantly, the dollar surplus that characterized the sixties across European states like Denmark as well as Japan converted into deficits in this period. As oil was a fuel in industrial processes both directly as well as indirectly, the increased prices raised the cost of production in Denmark (Reifer  Sudler 199628).

Americas change of its foreign policy as well as the crumple of the Bretton Woods Institutions system together with the 2 shocks in the oil market and the increasingly uneven world financial system placed Denmark in an intricate state of affairs.  In history, during this period Danish civil servants as well as the countrys politicians perceived that the climax of the welfare state had been reached. It was inevitable to implement a truthful welfare state that would be built on genuine internationalized principles. A whole range of far reaching administrative and social reforms was commenced and everything was on time until the moment when the model as a result of these mainly outside events ran into major tribulations. These were higher cost of production together with the deterioration of the trade balance as well as problems with currency. Moreover, there also was higher inflation and a rapidly increasing rate of unemployment that was financially burdensome to the welfare state. The ensuing catastrophe sucked the treasury dry and halted further progress with regard to social policies in the following years.

The seventies derived a new situation which positioned Denmark in a new environment. The gold window closure was as a result of the war in Vietnam though it was unintended. The plentiful surplus in trade altered at the beginning of the seventies to a huge deficit. This was because America minted more dollars to meet the cost of the war. More countries like Denmark preferred to maintain their reserve with gold as opposed to the dollar (Reifer  Sudler 199626). It has taken various governments in Denmark to resolve the trade balance surplus and inflation.

Throughout the history of America, we witness events and concerns where America has thoroughly participated in international intervention. The United States of America sent her military troops to Latin American countries during the end of Spanish-American War and the beginning of Great Depression. The American government intervened Nicaragua between 1909 and 1933 to gain power over Panama. President Bill Clinton also initiated the intervention on Venezuelan politics to overthrow President Hugo Chavez frias or another perfect example would be American Intervention in the Gulf countries till date.

The Bureaucrats plays a very important role in formatting or analyzing the foreign policy of a country. The Department of Defense, the National Security Council, and the Department of State are some vital departments to justify the argument. The CIA provides all intelligence information, the NSC advices on military, domestic and national security issues and all these reports that goes to the president keeps a check in making foreign policies.

Unilateralism is a doctrine that supports one sided actions and unilateralism has dictated American foreign policy for many years. Unilateralism formed a shape in the history of America majorly after the World War Second. Her intention to gain the recognition of super power and strengthen the foreign policy in the world clearly paved a way for unilateralism to slip into American politics. The Pew Research Center announced that, 49 percent of the 22nd century Americans think that, United States should mind its own business internationally. And for the first time in more than 40 years of polling, Americans response to isolationist outnumbered the unilateralism. The main reason that triggers the Americans to favor isolationist is the heavy lost caused in the Baghdad war and her international military interventions throughout the 21st century. The lost of human lives and monetary during these interventions caused dissatisfactions to many Americans disowning unilateralism in America.

Isolationism is defined in the dictionary as a  national policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries    

The main advantage of isolationism is that the country following this principle does not get involved with the problems of other nations that may be too difficult to handle and  later on to free itself from.

One popular example of a country that is criticized for meddling with internal affairs of other countries is the United States.  It has been criticized for its involvement in the Vietnam war , the crisis in Iraq and internal problems of  developing countries.  If a country isolates itself from foreign problems, it is spared from  criticisms and protests resulting from such involvement.  Also,  isolationism allows government money to be spent for the benefit of its own citizenry rather than being spent outside to help other countries. However, isolationism deprives  people active participation and interaction within  the global community, thereby limiting its growth and advancement as a nation. Isolationism is opposed to the idea that  we all have  to co-exist in this planet.  Rich and poor countries are dependent on each other for survival. Ms. Louise Frechette, the UN Deputy Secretary General commented that  Either we help the poor and developing countries today, out of a sense of moral obligation and enlightened self-interest, or we will find ourselves compelled to do so tomorrow, when their problems become our problems.

The outpouring of foreign aid, both in terms of moral and financial to Haiti which was recently ravaged by a strong earthquake demonstrates that people do not want  isolationism to prevail.  If there is one positive thing that comes out of tragedies of this magnitude is that we see man s concern for his fellowmen.  Indeed it is true that no man is an island and we do need one another.