Political Science

Climate change has in the recent past become a major topic of discussion in the world today. This is mostly because of its effects which are practically evident today. Scenarios of flooding, extreme drought conditions, food insecurity, increased temperatures, and environmental refugees have become the main features in the media and have therefore sparked the need to find viable solutions to the effects of climate change. The road to finding such working solutions is however not easy. This report therefore looks in detail at the loopholes which are backed by factual findings and recommendations that can be drawn while mainly considering the ethical and political perspectives of climate change.

Ethics and Climate Change
Ethics is a word that comes from a Greek word ethos which means pertaining to character. It can also be used interchangeably with morality which is the content that studies values and norms of a people. Ethics and Political Theory essentially aims to answer the following questions. What makes life significant What entails a just society, and its rules worth respecting What do we have to give back to members of other societies, generations, and species Can any of the answers to these queries really be true If so, how can we know which answers to accept as true, and what reasons, if any, do we have to act on them
All humans are equal. From an ethical point of view, humans are recognized as equal to one another. This is mainly because of the intrinsic value they posses which mean that they are of value by virtue of their existence. From this therefore we draw the significance that humans are to treat each other fairly and respectfully as they make decisions that entail their existence on planet earth. Ethics further recognizes that every human being is part and parcel of the community of life and that there is a link that connects all human societies both present and future. Every human being has the same fundamental and equal right to life, liberty, security among others.
Global commons are resources that are available in abundance on a global scale such as the atmosphere and oceans. Such resources transcend political, geographical and cultural boundaries. Their use should therefore not be restricted as they allow for open access. Ownership of these resources is not restricted as they are abundant in nature thus all humans have the right to access them or products obtained from them. In accessing, managing and conserving these resources, ethics recognizes the principle of distributive justice whereby everyone should aim towards sharing fairly in their benefits and costs.
Ethics is stipulated as the philosophical study of rules, laws, standards by which we determine right or wrong. Ethics plays a fundamental role in justifying why some actions are regarded as right or wrong. In its application in the climate change scenario for example, actions that contribute to increased emissions and quantities of green house gases in the atmosphere like burning large amounts of fossil fuels would essentially be termed as wrongs while those that result either in the reversing of these quantities such as carrying out afforestation to increase carbon sequestration may be regarded as right. However, sometimes determining what is right or wrong can prove to be difficult in situations where gains and losses are experienced. This then instigates the question of when does an action change from right to wrong
Arthur (2000) expresses that morality is the content that studies values. These values are drawn externally from religion, social institutions such as customs and taboos. Humans are known to be rational beings as they are endowed with the ability to reason out hence the concept of self- reasoning from the conscience perspective. They can therefore draw some moral values semi autonomously, that is, without relying on others.
    In human society, morality helps to regulate the conduct of individuals in social life, it is also useful in conflict resolution and determining relationships in the sense that through relationships, an individual is able to create boundaries that define their rightful place in society. Morality takes three dimensions, i.e., self relationship, human to human relationship and human to nature relationships. Humans cannot exist in isolation but mutually depend on each other and the physical environment to attain satiety. These interactions are in form of actions that may either strengthen or loosen the bond of relationships. From the attribute of self reasoning, humans are held accountable for their actions hence integrating responsibility with morality.
Anthropogenic factors are human activities that contribute directly or indirectly to changes in the climatic conditions. These include industrialization which is the growth of industries. This has resulted in the emission of green house gases such as carbon monoxide due to the burning of fossil fuels, poor disposal of industrial wastes and high levels of deforestation due to commercial logging. The resultant effects are global warming emanating from the green house effect further causing global climate change urbanization which has resulted in air pollution from high congestion levels in the cities, deforestation due to development of urban sprawls as a result of growing cities mechanized agriculture where large tracts of land are cultivated which utilize inorganic fertilizers that contribute to global warming indirectly the introduction of invasive species as a mechanism to counter food insecurity and the encroachment of deserts into fertile land for example, Prosopis juliflora. These interfere with the ecological ecosystems as they result in the extinction of indigenous species hence global warming due to reduce levels of carbon sequestration.
These intervention measures have instead accelerated climate change effects resulting in crisis displacement hence creating environmental refugees and further exposing fragile ecosystems to intense degradation.
As discussed earlier, humans are accountable for their actions which impact negatively to their adjacent physical environment from an ethical stand therefore they should be penalized for these actions. For situations such as invasive species, the prime actors are the researchers and governments that allow these genetically modified organisms to be introduced in their countries.
For sustainable development (development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs) to be achieved, approaches like the polluter pay principle need to be institutionalized presently to ensure that environmental conservation is promoted so that resources are available for use by future generations(Langhelle 1999). The polluter pay principle in lay mans language refers to compensation or restoration of destroyed environments by environmental perpetrators. From the ethical perspective, humans are part of a community of life and that there is a link that connects human societies both present and future to the rest of nature. Thus, as we aim to attain satiety through our actions, we are to also consider future generations.

Politics and Climate Change
The political theory expresses the views, opinions, and beliefs of a people. In this document however the focus is on environment, more so climate change which is a contentious issue in the world today. The political theory of climate change encompasses four tasks First, the need to comprehend social and political obstacles to a just and proficient global response to climate changes. Secondly, to establish and maintain a fair allocation of atmospheric benefits and burdens. Third, to synchronize the dictates of atmospheric justice with justice that is more broadly construed. Fourth, to clarify the way in which the aberrant characteristics of climate change should prompt a re-examination of the way in which socio-political institutions and concepts are conceived
.From the political perspective, Environmental rights contribute to a large extent to the direction of decisions made on behalf of the environment. As envisioned by Hangrove (1997), these rights are merged with human rights as humans interact with the physical environment for goods and services. Their health, livelihoods and well being depends on the quality of and access to the adjacent environment. These rights therefore tend to address issues affecting indigenous people who directly depend on the environment. Michael (2007) discusses that these rights recognize the need to enhance and maintain ecologically sound environments and promote sustainable development. They further propose basic practical actions that would reverse the situation of the environment. Actions such as planting trees are applicable as they consider that nature is equally as important to human beings and therefore humans should ensure that it is protected.
    Gas emission rights are also a component of the political theory on climate change. Currently, the environment cannot be fully conserved without exploitation taking place. Human beings still rely on development results for their survival. At this evolution stage, both development and conserve must come into play. Environmental sacrifices have to take place and humans on their side have to cut down on their greed. In order to restore the climatic conditions by reducing green house gas emissions, the Kyoto protocol was recommended where clean development mechanisms that allow carbon trading, industrial symbiosis and stipulate emission standards as well as green energy explorations and joint implementation mechanisms where countries partner in projects that are eco-friendly were focused.
    The Declaration on the Right to Development recognizes that human beings are central to the development process thus development policies should ensure that humans are main participants and beneficiaries of development. It also recognizes that favorable conditions for development are sole responsibilities of states. In addition, it confirms that the right to development is an inalienable human right thus equality of opportunity for development is a right both of nations and of citizens who are constituents of nations. To this end therefore, article three of the declaration states that states are primarily responsible for the creation of favorable conditions nationally and internally for the realization of the right to development. Article two also stipulates that countries have the right and duty to formulate suitable development policies that aim at the steady improvement of the well being of populations on basis of their active participation in development and in fair distribution of benefits that result.
The Cartagena Declaration recognizes that environmental problems stem from the actions of the North that are mostly driven by greed. This greed it explains has resulted in pollution of waterways, deforestation for purposes of commercial logging, irreversible changes in the general climatic conditions that have caused flooding, drought conditions, further resulting in extreme poverty and driving communities in the South to vulnerable conditions. Michael (2007) details that the drivers to climate collapse include fossil fuel technology, global market expansion and accumulation of wealth, these actions and their effects trickle down from the North.
The recent Conference of Parties Summit held in Copenhagen was meant to seal a deal among nations so that they are accountable for their actions. Developed countries were supposed to support developing nations of the world in their efforts to reverse climate change effects. This was to be in form of grants. The results were however shocking as industrialized nations were unable to live up to their promises.
 Summary of Findings
    From the above discussions, humans deserve equality in their access to resources, sharing of benefits and active involvement in the decision making however this is not the case as discovered in the Copenhagen Summit where decisions made by the North are considered more than the opinions of the South.
    Green House Gas emissions have continued to increase despite previous efforts to address this through such as mechanisms employed by the Kyoto Protocol. This is partly attributed to lack of cohesion in deliberating for flexible legally binding agreements that would spearhead actions to reverse climatic changes.
    The political aspect on climate change has overridden the need for ethical application in brainstorming the solutions to climate as each country fights for an accord that would be of great benefit to it rather than considering inevitable sacrifices it would have to make for the sake of other countries.
Global commons such as the atmosphere are worst hit by the effects of development as they are vastly exploited as producers of valuable resources or assimilators of wastes. The industrialized world has benefited more from these resources as they possess advanced technology for the exploitation process. This is however at the cost of developing nations who pay the prices for pollution despite being on the receiving end of the adverse effects.
Environmental Justice is the fair handling and significant involvement of all people in spite of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, execution, and enforcement of environmental laws, rules, and policies (Markku 1996). As for the case of the Copenhagen summit, inequality between the North and South affected the results of the decision making process paving way for loopholes as countries failed to commit themselves on a timescale which would form the ceiling in determining the efforts taken to reverse climate change issues. It is important to note that based on environmental ethics, the present generation is responsible to future generations and that countries responsible for high emissions in the past have a greater responsibility as environmental justice seeks to remedy inequitable distribution of environmental burdens.
Recommendations
In order to ensure that subsequent summits achieve the desired goals as it relates to climate change
 Active participation should be encouraged from all stakeholders, that is, respective countries and the Non- Governmental community, in the decision making platform.
 Opinions from the South should be considered to a large extent since they are the main receptors of the effects of climate change.
Appropriate solutions to reversing the effects of climate change should be encouraged as this would take into account the diversity of human society and the problems they face.
Environmental ethics should be embedded in discussions of upcoming summits to pave way for cohesion between the North and South which is fundamental in the achievement of a clean environment for all.
To support the claim that countries responsible for high emissions in the past owe a greater responsibility, Hadjilambrinos (1999) expounds on the concept of culpability which calls for those responsible for the Green House Gases already accumulated in the atmosphere to be penalized by receiving less allocations or by having to recompense others for their past activities. An alternative to this rule reflects the polluter pays principle which would require emitters to pay a fee for each unit of Green House Gas emissions. The price would be determined in such away that it would induce predestined overall Green House Gas emission reductions.
According to Langhelle (1999), social justice (inter and intra generations), humanistic cohesion, concern for the worlds poor, and respect for the ecological restrictions to global development, comprise other aspects of sustainable development aspects which are undeniably relevant for the growing gap between North and South.

 The assembly of Kosovo adopted the declaration of independence on February 17, 2008 designating Kosovo a sovereign and autonomous state with its first democratic election held on November 17 2007 this ended the almost decade long United Nations Protectorate over the country
2).As a fledgling democratic state one can expect problems to arise during the nations birth cries so to speak. On December 13, 2009 Kosovo started off its second mayoral election however this election was marred by extensive voter fraud found in several of its key areas resulting in a need for an election rerun.
   In order to understand how this situation came to be we must first take into account the current status of Kosovo as a country. Kosovo holds three European records it has the highest unemployment, the worst infant-mortality rate and the lowest living standards on the European continent. The latest Human Rights Watch report chronicles widespread oppression and discrimination of non-Albanian ethnic minorities  Serbs, Turks and Roma  along with organized crime, rampant corruption and a dysfunctional justice system. Taking all of this into account it is not surprising rather it is to be expected that there would be problems during the first few years of Kosovos democratic independence.
  In the media article the birth of democracy in Kosovo can be likened to the birth of democracy in America during its war for independence, chaotic, uncertain, and yet a work in progress nonetheless. You cannot expect perfection the first time round. In fact you can say that democracy can never be perfect since it is constantly evolving however given time Kosovo can establish a stable democratic regime.
 Regarding if Kosovo falls under the 3 stage model of democratization,  Kosovo rose from the ashes of the former Yugoslavia, whose destruction was caused by the brutal policies of Serbian dictator Slobodan Milosevic. This falls under the first category that states a countrys awakening from an authoritarian regime. Next free and fair election did take place on November 17, 2007 which fulfill the requirements of the second stage of democratization and finally a second democratic election has recently occurred completing the 3 stage model of democratization.

Environmental abuse forms one of the most dangerous global threats in that it has some of the most severe, harmful, and long lasting negative implications that cut across boundaries and persist over generation. The notion of environmental abuse as analysts concur, spells doom with deep roots that are hard to address. According to Abbott (106-110), though environmental abuse has great long lasting implications, leadership, management, and professional approach has fallen short of the necessary emphatic principles application that can provide the needed safe and healthy environment for all (Pidgeon and OLeary 16-17 Charles, 506). 
It is from this note that this paper intrinsically explores Chernobyl in Ukraine in relation to the occurrence of the nuclear disaster of 1986. Besides, the paper further examines Bhopal in India in relation to the great disaster that took place in 1984. With the notion of the two disasters being considered to have solidified the need for environmental integrity and anthropocentric centrality towards anchoring sustainable development outlook, this paper employs key environmental management principles in the analysis of the two disasters. In addition to examining the implicit dangers that face each one of them, the roles of key institutions as well as the society is evaluated. Finally, following the guidelines and provisions of key protocols and international conventions, the term danger is intrinsically reflected on and mechanism to address it provided for in the recommendations.
Justification of countries choices
In their review of environmental disasters implications, Boris and Ronald (7-10) indicated that the correct choice of case studies is critical as a target towards making correct recommendations.  Therefore, the choice of the two countries is considered to be ideal in that they provide the following considerations. To begin with, both countries experienced major environmental abuse that had core implications. Therefore, by analyzing them, it becomes easier to dig deeper into the causes of their particularistic cases (Charles 503). 
In India, the Bhopal disaster has up to date remained a key lesson to the globe while in Ukraine the Chernobyl disaster is equally fresh to the local and international communitys minds. Taking into consideration that the two disasters took place at strategic periods immediately after the United Nations Convention on Human Environment of 1972 in Stockholm and the Brundtland Commission, it is possible to assess the application of their recommendations at the global scale and localized levels. Besides, as Pidgeon and OLeary (16-17) indicate, the two countries established key mechanism for addressing the problems and therefore facilitate a better platform for further analysis of core institutions that responded towards the disasters management both locally and internationally.
Dangers facing the two countries
    Some of the key agreeable facts about Ukraine and India are the major dangers facing them following the aftermath of the key environmental disasters reported in them. Lars, istein and Arnfinn (37) indicate that besides the magnitude of their disasters shocking the world, the implications are still felt up to date.
Ukraine The Chernobyl disaster
Baverstock and Dillwyn (1313-1315) report that environmental dangers facing Ukraine can be traced back to the fall of April 26th of 1986 when the nuclear plant at the Belarus boarder exploded.  Baverstock and Dillwyn (1313-1317) continue to say that the plant continued to burn for days after the disaster occurred. Besides, as Abbott (117-121), indicates, the disaster was the worst in the history of the nuclear energy use and affected hundreds of thousand people who lived in the area. In addition, the disaster caused immediate evacuation of over 100, 000 more people to the sarcophagus.  The immediate dangers included the highly concentrated radioactive dusts that United Nations (12-13) indicates was estimated at 50l tons and dispersed over an area of 140,000 sq miles.
According to the United Nations (16), major contamination was inevitable in the hydrosphere and the atmosphere in the region form the large amount of the radioactive particles in the region. Particularly, 131I and 137Cs nucleotides spread very fast due to atmospheric dynamics polluting the air while the rain water took them to the nearby Pripiat River that carried then downstream (Pidgeon and OLeary 16-17). Therefore, while this air contamination further led to more people suffering from the radiation, natural for and fauna that could not be shifted died.  It was particularly critical for the aquatic organisms which perished from radiation in the water. 
However, it is the heath effects that have been more pronounced compared to other dangers. Most of the people who got into contact with the high radiation experienced thyroid cancer, skins cancer, genetic disorders and other dangers related to high radiation exposure (Fortun 78-79). In just a few days, massive deaths of the workers and firemen were recorded from high radiation exposure. 
Pidgeon and OLeary (16-17) indicates that the soil and vegetation further formed a major pool or the radioactive elements and therefore pointing to further uptake in about ten years after the disaster. Pidgeon and OLeary (18) add that through measures to address other problems were evident, the created pools would be hard to address and latter evidence would be from bio-magnification in the upper layers of the food-chains. 
India The Bhopal disasters
As it happened in Ukraine, the Bhopal disaster was perhaps equaled in magnitude but on different setting. The explosion of the Bhopal Disaster led to an industrial catastrophe in the Bhopal Union Carbide plant that used highly lethal chemicals to make various pesticides that were in high demand throughout Asia (Fortun 57). 
Eckerman (31-34) reports that in the night of the December 3rd the plant released about 390 tons of the highly reactive methyl isocyanite as well other toxic toxins that strongly polluted the highly populated neighborhood. About 3,787 deaths of the people who came into contact with the gas were recorded (Fortun 56-58). Though statistics vary some human rights activists reported that over 800,000 deaths were recorded from the disaster.
Other related dangers included the release of these toxins to the natural system and the bio-accumulative effects among the biota. Notably, chemicals used in Union Carbides are highly persistent when they get into the biological systems. Therefore, Eckerman 933-34) indicates that toxins in the region pants and in the region were recorded even after ten years. 
The management and address to the problem in the country in terms of emphasis on the occupational health hazards further postulate key risks to the people (Boris 7-10). Though the country established an effective mechanism of addressing the problem, it was far from being adequate. Up to the onset of the new century, there were different cases in the legal system as people sought for justice from the government and the company (Abbott, 14-15).
Comparison and contrast of state institutional roles and civil society in addressing the dangers
Addressing the above dangers has been cited as a key facet in dictating how these countries and in deed the globe was prepared in addressing such disasters. Boris (97-10) indicates that in Chernobyl, the government sought to establish immediate crisis measures after the accident by evacuating all the people in the region to safer areas that were free of radiation.  About 100,000 people were evacuated on an emergency basis to avoid excessive exposure to the radiation. Previously, Abbott (1123-115) indicates that fire fighters had arrived at the scene to put off the fire. However, they were equally affected by the high radiation. The Soviet Government also established a clear monitoring system for the radiation levels and frequently released the statistics of the problem to the country, Europe, and the rest of the world.  This was particularly critical in that the magnitude of the problem could be known and addressed.
On the other hand, the civil society equally responded strongly by offering the necessary humanitarian support to the affected. Environmental Protection Agency of the United States came in to offer support in monitoring and reducing the radiation levels in the area of the disaster (Boris 7-10). Unlike the state institutions, health organizations further came in to establish the exact implications of the disaster and therefore anchor possible recovery measures. The G7 summit later in the year 1997 established the Chernobyl Shelter Fund that sought to restore the key integrity of the regional ecological orientation (Fortun 65-66). United Nations Environmental Program also established the Chernobyl Recovery and Development Program to address the human consequences in the region (United Nations 14).
As for the case with Chernobyl, the Bhopal Disaster attracted strong state reaction to the problem due to its magnitude. Therefore, Pidgeon and OLeary (21-23) indicate that special administrative machinery was created to establish the statistics and therefore update the country and the globe accordingly.  Department of Bhopal Gas tragedy relief and rehabilitation was also established to address the problem.  Therefore, these departments formed the key link between the victims and the government. Particularly, the affected people were compensated, relief provided and ex-gratia payments also given for deaths (Boris 7-10).
Lars et al (38-41) explain that the civil Society strongly came in to augment the governments initiatives in addressing the problem. Particularly, the affected people were educated on how to overcome the massive trauma. Institutions such as Medico Friends Circle and the NGO community sought to increase the relief and health care to the people in the affected area. Other community based groups such as the Bhopal Gas Affected Women Trade Union Emerged to address their problems through trade as they complained that the government was not doing enough to address the problem (Boris 7-10). In addition to that, the Environmental Protection Agency and the United Nations Environmental program also came in to facilitate further contamination level analysis and technical support for the clean up process.
Reflection of the dangers
As it came out in the discussion, the dangers involved in the two tragedies were very   extensive. Apart from affecting the social sphere of environment, the atmosphere and the hydrosphere were also affected. Therefore, the dangers are highly intertwined and demand the central application of the correct policies in addressing them. Following the United Nations Rio Summit held in the year 1992, the need to balance the different developmental considerations with the environmental integrity was emphasized (Boris and Ronald 7-10). The Agenda 21 requires that for projects to be established key prior analysis of their affects should be established to determine the expected negative effects and therefore address them to prevent disasters. Ecologically, the regions remained highly contaminated and therefore totally abused ecologically. This would take centuries to stabilize them with others. Socially, the trauma of experiencing the problem resulting to lifetime deformities, key illnesses, death of relatives and living in evacuation areas is highly traumatizing (United Nations 14). It is from this consideration that the precautionary principle should be fully embraced in all projects globally to avoid such problems recurring. 

The following is the transcript of debate between WATTS and GOSS in an effort to convince their audience to win a fair contract with A.E. Staley Corporations. While the situation seemed to favor Goss as the majority including the A.E. Staley management, the situation was a lockout. This is a difficult situation because apparently, the company had a hidden agenda regarding its position of refusing to negotiate a fair contract with the UAW Local 751 union workers. The debate goes on below. 
WATTS The bargaining agenda in this debate is not about the demand for higher wages rather, the concern is for a more humane and justifiable working condition. This includes justifiable wages enough for the workers to feed their families, to send their children to school, and to meet the economic demands of the family. The position that we undertook is for workers to have satisfaction in their job in order for them to become more productive, loyal employees, and to ensure security from sexual and racial harassment.
This demand is legitimate and it falls within the rights of workers. This bargaining position is not only beneficial to the union employees but to entire employees as well as to the management because it is geared towards the welfare of the entire employees and for the benefits of the whole organization. With the support of the majority of employees, there is a greater chance of winning a fair contract.
GOSS Obviously, the company has a hidden agenda. The company is taking the situation as an opportunity to wipeout unionism by refusing to negotiate fair contract. It means, they would welcome strikes and at the moment the workers become unproductive due to strikes, the company will hire scabs to do the job. Besides, the company is wealthy enough to sustain its operation even if strike last for years. They all have the option and the situations favor them. The best option right now is to accept the contract offered by the company regardless of its provisions. After all, the company is doing its responsibility to provide adequate wages although it may not be just as what is being expected 
WATTS Strikes are not at determined to destabilize the company performance. It simply means to compel the company to listen to the grievances of the employees. It is like a child protesting to his parents because he is being ask to do more work but he is hungry. He might just cry, or display infuriating behavior just to win attention from his parents.
Employee strike then should not be seen as an instrument of destabilization rather it is within the rights of workers to strikes, and the right to lock out should be viewed as indispensable apparatus of the free process of collective bargaining. The company management therefore should not welcome strikes as an opportunity to hire scabs and eliminate union, but they should recognize it as it is legally embodied in the National Labor Relations Act. In other words, it is guaranteed in the labor laws as a legal bargaining.
GOSS During the past two decades, most of the Union organizations had been in decline due to the lack of concrete strategy to respond to corporations that welcomed strikes as a potential occasion to recruit scabs, and they could not do anything against rampant plant closings that confounded business in some cities across the U.S. in the 1980s as corporations moved their unionized plants outside the United States to Mexico and the Third World. Add to this scenario was the unenforced labor law which was obviously to prevent further exodus of companies into other locations outside of the United States. Accordingly, the National Labor Relations Board that administered the 1935 Wagner Act was only effective in the implementation of the labor law during the 1930s and the 1940s. During the post war years however, the NLRB was almost unsympathetic to the workers right and was even out rightly supporting employers anti-union efforts.
    In view of this, there is a little chance that strikes will succeed. Those who will opt to join strikes will grossly suffer so much economic losses because aside from the fact that the employers have all the options that are definitely economically damaging to the family needs, they can always move out their operations to other countries.
WATT There is no question that could strikes affect the employees awfully especially as companies implements a no-work no-pay policy. The possibility of moving their operation from other countries cannot be ignored too especially that many countries offers a red carpet welcome. However, as mentioned earlier, the strike does not mean to destabilize the company. The main intention is for the company to look into the condition of the workers and provide them justifiable wages, an assurance of fair and equal rights, as well as humane working atmosphere. It would be very improper for the company to run away amidst a peaceful bargaining for legitimate demand expressed in terms of a strike. Furthermore, it is hereby acknowledged that the right to strike does not cover the prevention of the entry and exit of goods and customers or the entry of employees who are willing to work insofar as it goes beyond mere persuasion to participate in the strike
    In view of the fair manner of strike and with the support of the majority, the company management will respect it and will sit at the bargaining table to accommodate our demands as they are legitimate, and the company will also benefit from the workers productivity, loyalty, and work dedication.
GOSS The kind of bargaining stated above does not prove effective to compel the management to yield to the demand of a fair contract as evidently, the management knew that most of the union organization is confronted by the lack of unity among the nearly 16 million members of organized labor. No wonder, this lack of solidarity significantly contributed to the defeats of major strikes. There is therefore no guarantee that the situation is winnable. Rather, it will surely lead to starvation and acute financial problems for any members who will join the strikes. Besides, the government and other authorities are on their side as even the applicable labor laws are unenforced. Apparently, the ball is in the hands of the management of the company.
WATTS If the company ignores a peaceful and humble representation at the bargaining table, it does not mean it is the end of the struggle. In fact, that is only the beginning. We have already some people inside the plant who can organize a campaign to meet head-on the boss and to slow down by working to rule when it is necessary. Our members were also educated and their families are thoroughly informed of the intention of the bargaining effort in order for them to adjust to the situation. There are also efforts to garner support, raise funds, and organize committees to attend the national corporate campaign and participate in Decatur rallies. On top of all this, we are prepared to engage in nonviolent civil disobedience at the plant gates and the state capitol. With the support of the masses, there is truly a higher chance the company will accommodate our demands.
GOSS That sounds nice, but the fact that International Union leaders does not approved the way Local 7-837 is handling the collective bargaining cannot just be ignored. It appears that Local 7-837 is wielding its own fight apart from the general consensus of the entire Union organization. Local 7-837 should not initiate independent bargaining efforts without complete support of its international union as it defeat in the bargaining table will only further weaken future union efforts. There is indeed much to learn from the statement of Rich Trumca UMWA President concerning the lessons of the victorious 1989-90 Pittston mineworker strike which emphasized on collective Union efforts. In his statement, Trumca emphasized the importance of complete support of the entire union than separate initiative.           
WATTS  There is indeed great potential for a collective effort to succeed in their undertakings, however, the case of Local 7-837 or the Staley workers union, were alarming because our members were unconscious to the increasing corporate assault on labor. Despite of the Staley workers mobilization contributing millions of dollars and had built up solidarity committees, it gained only little support from top labor leaders. Local 7-837 workers union believes in the Union democracy and that under the democratic process, as long as we are not violating any existing laws or are doing violent protest actions, we can initiates measures or strikes within the bounds of our area. We believed that union is a social movement rather than in business unionism. Union as a social movement therefore is not limited to worksite issues rather it concerns on the rights of the workers withheld by employers. It is against this practice that we are on strike. We are simply asking the management not to deprive us of our basic rights.
GOSS With limited capacity, there is also a little chance of winning the fight. So the efforts of continuing the fight rather than accepting the contact as it is by all employees, is an exercise of futility. As one can see it, even the media pays little attention to such rally or strikes and the long arm of the government are obviously protective of the employers. Thus, looking at all angles there is no better way to think of the situation than for all the employees to accept the contract offered by the management and let alone those who push for having a fair contract which admittedly is an ideal one but realistically impossible given the enormous advantages enjoyed by the management, to suffer the miseries of and the financial loses due to lost employment as there is definitely a very slim chance if there is at all of winning the fight.
WATT It could not be denied anymore that the power and influence of union organizations are on decline amidst various efforts of the employers to wipe out unionism in the work place using various means and tactics and the governments protective attitude towards employers. But it could not also be denied that it is the lack of concrete efforts that greatly contribute to this decline. In other words, it was not the strategy that has failed.
    In this struggle, there are some important facts that should be considered as factors to help win the debate. First, the management knew that, as per the result of some studies is concern it shows that unionized workers possess higher educational attainment than non-unionized employees and that they tend to have longer job tenure than their non-unionized counterpart (Studies by Fang and Verma, 2002 and Akyeampong, 1997 Galarneau, 1996). It means the productivity value of each worker is still a relevant advantage compared to non-unionized employers. Second, we realized that while all odds are against this effort, we had established hundreds of solidarities and various groups such as womens and students based organization sympathetic to our cause to help support our effort. In some way these boast the moral of the striking employees and help support them before the management finally make a decision. Lastly, this initiative is within the bounds of the law and what is being demanded are simply the basic rights of the employees being withheld by the employers from the employees. With the support of the majority, the fight is winnable as the company will also benefit from the fair contract in view of the workers productivity and loyalty, and dedication to their jobs.

The United States have two large major umbrella bodies that most labor unions ascribe to as members the Change to Win Federation and or the AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organization), the earlier broke from ALF-CIO in the year 2005. The two organizations independently advocate legislation and policies that are favorable to workers in Canada and the United States. The AFL-CIO is basically concerned with the world trade issues. The NLRA National Labor Relations Acts of 1935 tightly regulates the private sector this law is overseen by the NLRB (National Labor Relations Boards) which is a self dependent agency. The federal and the state laws both regulate the public sector unions. These have demonstrated substantial growth rate in working conditions and wages which are set by negotiations with elected state and local officials.
    Organized labor rose in the united states in the 20th century when the CIO (Congress of United Organization) in the early 1930s and later the reunification phenomenon with the AFL (American Federation of Labor) at the time of the world war two. The rise of the powerful movements of labor brought big changes in the political realignments, industrial relations and the increase in labor wages and better conditions for work in America  these movements further contributed to the African-Americans and the women at the work place which was never there before. These organized labor also contributed towards progressive social organizations and movements, not forgetting the civil rights struggle in the 1960s. these organized labor groups formed with a common goal often confronted the state authorities and the managements in collective bargain for their rights, there were uncommon political and social conditions brought forward by the depression and war at that time which sped up the formation and growth of more unions to fight for policies in favor of the unionization this is the growth of the ALF. As a result the Wilson and Roosevelt administrations promoted the pro-union policies to increase production at wartime. The UAW-GM agreement of the 1940 was industries model regulator, in about five years other industries followed suit, and this led to industry democratization. These labor movements supported the governments at times of war in production in ensuring constant production and supply of arms to the military during the war and this assisted the US government and its friends against the genocidal objectives of the German Nazi and expansionists and the imperial Japan. In the year 1987 was little hope for the reemergence of the labor party unions like the rainbow coalition were being predicted to be active again. The AFL-CIO director predicted that there is no essence or some strength in forming a political party from the unions. At that time the Rainbow Coalition showed no signs of reemerging though real and the Labor Party had did in the 1930s, despite this a number of labor union officials were committed to these parties. OACAW (Oil Chemical and Atomic Workers Union) and its secretary-Treasurer spearheaded an ambition to form a labor party. The Rainbow dissipated, credit to the huge measures to the illusionist made on the Democratic Party, from then the independent party idea began to pick up.There was a massive competition or number such kinds of labor parties working on different principles and party policies such as the New Yorks Working Families, the Rainbow Coalition, and the labor party among others.
    Analyzing one of the recorded struggles or most famous labor political party like the Labor Party had other challenges like lack of support from the union leaders form organizations like the AFT, AFSCME, the UAW though they looked forward to the support of Al Gore in the year 1997. The state required that such labor parties present a substantive organizing plan, draft some party by-laws by the committee representatives, approved then circulated. In 1996 the national office gave recounting to five such Labor Parties which in most cases the union activists and the union staffs. There are a number of criteria see that the parties have to meet to be considered a fully chartered state party criteria speaking to full new development levels.
    Labor has always created political parties in almost all the capitalist nations except the united states, this was the phenomenon in the 19th and the 20th centuries in other countries a number of questions have always been debated why this kind of phenomenon existed. In the late 19th century the American Union was close to establishing a labor party, a political program was under discussion by American Federation of Labor that was looking forward to committing this union to a political action that was independent the party leaders used a number of mechanizations to stop the political activities into the union. A year later the organization delegates voted overwhelmingly and implemented a resolution to reject party politics whether democratic, republican, socialists, prohibition, or any other, should have no place in the convention of the A.F. of L. in addition to that more conventions against any kind of partisan political activities.
    Labor party formation failure in the US is also attributed to American Exceptionalism debate, which is distinct of the society and politics in America. Americans of course have great interest in the understanding of the distinctive nature of its ideological and institutional traditions in their society and politics.
    A more clear understanding of why there is no labor parties in the US can be got from comparison to Europe. The united states characteristics like the well developed democracy, high living standards in America, and the American liberal individualism culture is more advanced than Europes and this shows that America have more experience and can make better decisions and policies which are also evident in their books, scholars debates and the public commentaries.
    The mouseland story was told by Clarence Gillis, Tommy Douglas, and later Canadas New Democratic Party which were both the social democratic parties. Mouseland was a Fable explaining the CCFs opinion that the political system in Canada was false in providing their voters a false dilemma a choice between two parties where none of the two represented their problems and interests. The moral of the story was that mice, person can be imprisoned but an idea whose time has come cannot be stopped. There were other versions of the mouseland story like the Douglas Adams which included a democracy where the voters voted for lizards as their trusted leaders, only the lizards can be happy in such situations though they continue to give votes to lizards because not voting for the lizard means that the wrong lizard will occupy the seat. (Mouseland Video)
    According to Michael Yates unions matter in the society because they are the source of more benefits to the employee, unions bring reality to better pay to the workers and above all the unions fight for better working conditions.. The unions have mechanisms to force the employers to treat the workers with due respect and dignity, the union at its best, they make available for the workers to make community more egalitarian and democratic. He further explains the role the union plays in politics is unavoidable. He generally explains and substantiates the significance of collective bargains.

Labor Best Strategies in todays Political System
    One of the challenges the labor unions face in the political system is the low voter turn out of the workers. Americans do not turn out to take part in the voting exercises because of a number of reasons, basically the costs involved in the voting processes in terms of time and distances to be travelled to the voting locations. The more reasonable response to this challenge by the government is making the voting stations more accessible and available to the voter.
    Some people are legally locked out from voting because they are not registered voters this can be corrected by relaxing the registration laws for the voter. The highly educated (formal) individuals and the politically informed individuals are expected to vote in larger numbers than their uninformed counterparts.

 HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiFileTurnout.png  INCLUDEPICTURE CUsersuserDesktop2Voter_turnout_filesTurnout.png  MERGEFORMATINET
Change in voter turnout over time for five selected countries
    Sociological (social trusts, efficacy and political trust) and the socio-economic factors (education and money) contribute to a persons political life or participation. Because the highly educated individuals operate in very high social surroundings they are likely to participate more in political activities than the low status or class individuals. The people who place a lot of trust in the government bodies are definitely to participate more in politics than those who have less trust in the government generally. A reason that therefore relates to voter turnout and the government trust affects the workers involvement in voting activities.
    Choosing of the right candidate in the elections is another challenge of the labor unions. The chosen political candidate definitely is major determining factor in the elections and should be carried out with a lot of caution. The political arties align their candidates alongside the party policies the voters uses the policies to judge the best candidate, those with the best policies favoring the voter have an edge over the other on the vote.
    The unions post bankruptcy strategy should be basically to stand firm as they engage the management meaning that the union should integrate, interact and advance the overall interests by meeting, talking to and challenging the company or government top executives and top managers using united tactics or services and corporation
    The union leaders of the conglomerates companies should make international or global alliance with the workers posted in other countries. This is because when a project to push for some union agenda is being pushed in the United States, for example launching a workers strike, the employers reach out to the employees in other states to gain solidarity. It is very vital that when labor union fights back, other workers should come in and rally on to the union support.
    Some conventional ideas and wisdom suggests that members of the union are likely to be more politically active hence vote unlike the nonmembers. Same results show that are  more likely to turn out to vote in large numbers than the non union members, the results further show that the when the union puts pressure in campaigning generally increases the voter turnout during the general elections
    The union labor political parties majorly depend on the ability and the will of the workers who are also members to vote. It is argued that the turnouts in most of the American elections have always been very low at the national levels. The labor unions have a niche and can take advantage of this by affecting voting outcomes disproportionately incase the participation of the members of the union and their relatives is above the country average.
    The unions have tried their best challenging the democrats through the use of money, they have used a lot of money the last general elections. There have been a number of analysis on the use of money and the voter turn outs by a number of agencies for example by the Kim Moody  there is always an inverse correlation existing between spending money and in the general elections and the organizing union conducts campaign.
    The labor union has taken full commitment by the members there is no magnetic pull to the union activities. The attendances records in the union meetings are very low. High attendances are always seen only at the time of union elections or some important or special meetings. Some of the officials in the union committees lack commitments to their duties. This is maybe because of lack of motivational factors and incentives to the officials. The members may also not attend the argent meetings due to a number of reasons when they see no benefits the union achieves, fear of victimization, the high ranking employees never commit to their unions, the eye promotion and they see union as committing suicide to promotion.

The American declaration of independence proudly states that all men are created equal and thus they deserve pursue there own objectives without fear of discrimination. But how true is this considering we are never actually equal in life as human beings. Our personal characteristics and abilities are as diverse as the earth in which we live in. The founding fathers of America were surely not deluded when they put the concept of equality in the American constitution. How can it exist when we all want and live for different things in our daily lives This concept of course demands that our differences are at all times be respected. But has this really been the case in America  What about freedom Have Americans really been free to express there opinions without fear of discrimination or prejudice
According to Tocqueville de Alexis (1864) democracy in America, there is general condition equality amongst the people of America. Public opinion and law are two things that the mean everything in American society. Every new discovery seemed to create more equality amongst men. Whether it was inventions or a satisfaction satisfied was a step towards a general public leveling. The taste for luxury, the love of war, the empire of fashion and the most superficial as well as the deepest passions of the heart, seemed to cooperate to make the poor some what better financially and to make the rich a little poorer. The fact the rich seemed to have to give up a bit of what they have in Order to make the rest feel more equal to them still begs the question whether this is real equality. It is quiet clear that equality can only seem to be there when we are all treated the same and not all of us necessarily being the same.
In order for equality and freedom in America to be tackled fairly it very important to discuss who does not seem to be free and who is said to be treated unequally in American society. Funnily enough with the rise of feminism, everyone in American society has at one point or the other claimed to be treated unfairly. Women have often suffered in what is clearly a male dominated society from time in memorial. Equality has changed a lot since the time of our forefathers as nowadays especially in the work place women can even file a lawsuit just to be fairly treated in the work place. Women were traditionally not expected to make the grade in most if not all top managerial posts. Women were not considered to be able to take charge and make the right decisions while under pressure. The book (1998) the making of Feminine mystique could have put things in a better perspective as Daniel Horowitz explains in review of Betty Freidans earlier book, on how women have been transforming through the ages. Women used to be unsatisfied with there daily routine lives and were afraid to ask if this was all there was to there lifes. But how could they ask for more while the true feminine woman was expected not to want a career, higher education or even political rights. Women who still in there forties remembered painfully how they fought for these very things that would have bought about some level of equality. Many people according to Betty Freidan, even applauded there decisions to give up there rights describing the women as mature and sensible. It was pretty simple really, all these women had to do was to simply give up there own ambitions from childhood and then devote there lives to finding a husband and rear children. But as the fifties approached more and more women stopped pursing careers and those that were married held part time jobs or became a secretary which was quit a popular occupation back in those days. The Soviet Union was by then taking a lead in the space race while America at that time was not taking advantage of there greatest resource which was women. Betty Freidan in her book thought that women were not very keen to study sciences like chemistry and physics as they were not considered feminine. All they wanted was to get married, have children and live happily ever after like every other woman in America. This was the true feminine fulfillment which led her to be respected every where and still be mans partner in the home. The only problems women were meant to have only had to do with there marriage or herself as a human being. According to Betty Freidan, what had been womens major problem was the need for equality and freedom with men in all aspects in life since they had already proven that there more than capable to hold there own when pitted against men.
Equality and freedom in America has not only been felt in the battle of the sexes alone, it has also been between the young and the old. The demands of the world have continued to change day by day. This has consequently meant that the young people from college have always been taught the new skills on what is required to coexist with others while sustaining there own lives. Few things are as depressing finding out that youre fresh from campus only to find that you are unable to get proper employment because the people occupying the occupation spot are only there because of other none job related reasons and are not as qualified as you are. Although this might always be the case as the opposite scenario could occur where by the older people get hounded out of the jobs because the young people are better qualified to take there jobs.
Equality amongst the races in America is one of the most volatile topics can be raised in America today. According to (2007) W E B Dubois in his book in black reconstruction reviewed by Edward J Blum, American minority tribes especially the blacks were normally treated unequally and even suffered from a lack of freedom as they were generally viewed as being ignorant, lazy, dishonest, extravagant and even blamed for the bad governance during the reconstruction. This made there lifes pretty difficult as they were mainly employed as slaves which only increased the view that they are inferior and racism against them increased. The southern part of America was the guiltiest as they constantly put the black man in bad light in order to gain economically by making them work in there farms. They constantly clamed that the black man was unable of being civilized even when one would try to change them. It is for this reason that they urged fellow whites to rule over the blacks as it was there birth right to do so. Funny enough according to Dubois, white laborers were also looked down upon as there leaders failed to raised there status in society and thus they were viewed with the same degradation as the black laborers. There was a general believe those days that all whites were racist and they benefited from it. The impression that there was during the time of our founding fathers was that American society consisted of a mass of white people pitted against the blacks. This was quite ironic by any stretch of the imagination since America as a country was created under the pretext of political freedom and economic growth. But as soon as the states won freedom from other states they instantly began enslaving other human beings while still claiming to want equality to all men worldwide. Dubois in his book thought that Slavery had helped America get its modern industry as it was the slaves who worked in the notorious cotton farms. But unlike in the south where at least three million out of the four slaves in the America, the north pitted the whites and blacks against each other in direct competition for jobs. This increased the hate for them as they were the ones who were most likely to take up jobs at the least cost. This was one of the reasons for the civil war as they the whites in the north realized that the blacks who were in direct competition for there jobs were actually slaves by law. The end of slavery at least ensured that America did not have to face the same apartheid system that curtailed the freedom of the black people in South Africa who were then subjected to a different labor market. The black man in America essentially knows that racism has not yet been completed in America and his fight for freedom is a fight to the end. Equality is still not yet achieved for all races in America. In the words of Dubois it is still the last great battle of the west. Gunnar Myrdal in his book (1944) an American dilemma the Negro problem and modern democracy had some rather shocking discoveries which showed that the majority of white people in America would not have been moved by the eradication of the black man almost entirely from America or even there quick reduction in population. Any increase in the number of black people is not looked upon as a favorable condition. Interestingly enough, blacks were said according to Gunnar to face less discrimination when they were few in number then when in large groups. Birth control was even once considered an option in order to reduce there numbers even through deception if need be. According to Gunnar blacks were inferior people who needed to be repatriated and no equality or freedom should have been granted to them from the very beginning. America needed ways to put there population numbers in check if America was to make any future progress. Frederick Douglas is arguably one of the few people who were able to bring about dignity to black men all over America through the way in which he fought for there equality in American society today. In a review of his much acclaimed speech what does the 4th of July mean in (2005) the Times magazine. Fredrick Douglas made rhetorical statements in regard to the amount of freedom that the black people in America had. He paid tribute to the nations founding fathers while he also called the fourth of July a Passover. He called America a young nation that could change from its ways as it was still very impressionable. The declaration of independence speech to him is what held the nations destiny within sight and all Americans should try to follow its principles. He then criticizes the fourth of July all together since there is hypocrisy as it is the whites who get to enjoy freedom in America whilst he and his fellow black men have continued to suffer untold anguish and pain. His description of the indecent life of a slave constituted the second part of his speech. He talked about how the church claims to want freedom and peace for all while in reality it has been to keeping quite while slave trade prospered nation wide. The third part of his speech however covered his wish that the declaration of independence and its principles can still be followed. The largely white audience even applauded him which as this was viewed as a stepping to the feeling of equality that many blacks have been experiencing even up to today. His speech was punctuated with so much truth about slavery and freedom which many people back then were too afraid to discuss out in public.
America has always been Christian dominated nation although the right to worship is well enshrined in the first amendment of the constitution this is not always practiced when it comes to its implementation. Many Americans have always claimed to be religious but the minority religions in America have at one point of the complained of discrimination. The equality many have been craving for and freedom of worship is not really there. Islam which is the second largest religion in the world, often requires that there faithful wear certain attire which shows there commitment to the faith. According Murray T Bruce in his book (2008) religious liberty in America the first amendment in historical and contemporary perspective, it is still illegal to wear any clothing that may be seen as an advertisement of any religious faith.  This does not seem to fair well for Muslims as there religion demands that they wear certain clothing in order to show there purity.  Its ironic that the constitution allows for religious worship while it does not allow the formation of clubs in schools which have some sought of religious affiliation. A general school of thought has always been that organized student activities are apart of the education system. This means that one is free even to form a club with religion as its major selling point. This argument how ever does not hold any water according to the American constitution as this is going to be seen as an endorsement towards a particular faith. Schools are also not allowed to display posters which show any affinity to other religious.  This does not mean that all religious activities are banned in schools because one could still say a prayer before meals, read religious material or even gather for prayers at designated areas. In fact a school can be found guilty of violating free speech by failing to disobey these rules because they would trying to forbid non disruptive religious activities. The issue of equality and freedom are not fully addressed as religious activities are not allowed to take there predetermined course of action in order to satisfy others in the society. What is essentially happening is that equality and freedom is no longer there religiously as our forefathers wanted it to be as was indicated in the book by Murray T Bruce. What is even more perturbing is the argument that since it is tax payers money being spent in the funding of school education then it is fair not to fund any religious activities in public schools. Reason being that a Christian may not appreciate that his or her money is being spent on Islamic religious classes and vice versa. This is hard to understand since we all pay taxes and the government is free to use the money as it chooses as it can decide to fund a war that many people do not agree with but that does not mean that war will then have to be forfeited because of ones misgivings about it.
According to Max Weber (2003) in his book the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, discusses what many people have referred to as the Weber thesis. This book was all about emergence the spirit of modern capitalism and its connection to Protestants. According to him, profits are what drives every thing that we do these days and the Protestants were more or less to blame. According to Protestants, God has already chosen who is going to receive favor from God and who ever is going to heaven is already known. This has made them pursue profits and other wealth as it is a sign of Gods favor. Other religious groups are thus discriminated and seen as inferior by them which is a form of discrimination by itself and thus the reasons for some of the economic problems the world has today.
Interestingly enough just about every group in America will complain about there not being treated equally enough. Black and minority groups will most likely mention there race and there religion as the major reason why they are being discriminated while white people will mention gender and disability first in there list. In equality then manifests its self in either education where students are openly taught in a manner that shows that other races are superior or even in employment where a white man is more likely to receive more friendly reviews as Alexis Tocqueville had pointed out in his book. Even more visible is that your most likely to find some jobs being viewed as exclusive male jobs and women are unlikely to find employment in that sector. According to most people however, equal opportunities are well represented by the type of work force in a country. Most minority community do not feel that they are well represented in the job market hence a sign of inequality within. Housing, health, the criminal justice system and in politics is another region where the color of your skin, religious views as well as physical appearance determine what type of reception your most likely to get in America today.
But it is not all doom and gloom as most people will agree that equality and freedoms have increased tremendously since the days of our forefathers since people nowadays know more about there rights and the laws that can protect them from any sought of discrimination.
The role of women has also changed a lot in society in just about every race out there. This means people are more accepting of women even in boardrooms with equal opportunity being the major drive as was envisioned by Betty Freidan. Most groups tend to agree though that the major drivers of change in America are education and legislation have enabled more people to treat others more equally. People have continued to learn more about other groups and realized that they are not as bad as they have been led to believe all along.
As much there has been a great change in the legislations which have tended to dictate behavior change in people but not there attitudes. A change in mindset is what will make equality and freedom for all more permanent.

Many reasons have been given for the support of either the common laws or civil laws. Both have strengths and weaknesses. A common law can be described as a law that has been created by judges through court decisions or those of similar tribunals. Common laws are not developed through the action of the executive arm or through legislature. Common laws are based on the argument that it is not fair to treat facts that are similar differently. This would mean that a judge need to follow the same reasoning that has been used in the past to judge a current case (Encyclopedia Britannica). On the other hand, civil law is based on legislation as the main law source, with the court system being inquisitorial, not bound by precedent and also composed of trained officers (judicial)  (Encyclopedia Britannica).
The United States of America in the exception of Louisiana uses common law in its judicial system. Due to the fact that common laws are dynamic, it has been claimed that the judicial system can be politically influenced (Lectric Law Library). The judicial selection of systems of the United States of America is often politicized. In the country, eighty seven percent of the judges (state) must face elections while in thirty nine states some of the judges are elected. This is according to the report given by the National Center for State Courts. Most states support popular election of judges with the claim that this would make the judges accountable to the peoples will. A judge who is viewed as making several unpopular decisions is in a position of being confronted and then sacked from the bench (Liptak). Electing judges usually baffle political scientists in the other parts of the world where judges are never elected but appointed by the judicial service commission or the executive. In the latter case, it is only those with technical skills and experiences would be selected as opposed to using popularity. For example in the United States, the federal judges are appointed by the president and later ratified by the legislature. The act of electing judges has turned the exercise to be more political with competing judges campaigning even by using advertisements. It is not a surprise to get an aspiring judge using a large amount of money in wooing voters.  Many of them are also aligned to major political parties (Liptak).  A survey conducted in Texas showed that many people believed that judicial decisions are to fair extent influenced by the contributions made during the campaigns. Many people agree that politics have reduced the integrity of the rule of the law (Fight the Death Penalty).
To prevent the infiltration of politics into the selection of the of the judges or other staff in the judiciary, there should be a judicial service commission that hands to the executive the names of  candidates that they feel are qualified for this job. The names should be taken to the congress for vetting and then to the executive who would appoint or return them to the legislature if not approved.  If people still feel that they want to have their opinion felt in the judicial appointments, they should be given power to recall unqualified judges through balloting.
Law experts have stated that in most cases, a political question in the United States often turn into a judicial one. This has often brought an exceptional dilemma in the US courts. This is the issue of how a judge can resolve a case that is more political than legal in nature. It may prove hard operating with such a structure of the judiciary as well as the process of decision making that the judge engages in. The problem often begins in the selection method, whereby most of the judges are lawyers who are brought to the bench without much official training. Many of these lawyers are from diverse backgrounds and have different intellectual inclinations as well as political preferences. Since Federal judges are appointed by the president, they in many cases incline to his political party in their rulings and decision making. Scholars have argued that the political preferences of the justices will often dictate the decisions that are made in various cases (Sherry). Research has shown that that judges selected by conservative regimes often vote in a conservative manner with those appointed by liberal authorities choosing to vote in the contrary. Judges are sometimes influenced by the public opinions regarding a certain political theme. If the majority from the state or nation support a certain issue, a judge may be influenced in his or her decisions (Maxwell).
To prevent political influence on the court decisions, the US Federal and State governments may need to move from using common laws to using civil laws. This is because the laws would be created by the legislature or executive arms and the judges would only be needed to interpret and follow them. Common laws have their weaknesses especially when a judge makes a wrong judgment.