Political Science

The methodology that will be used in this study is composed of three parts, specifically the research design, measurement procedure, and sampling design. The aforementioned parts of the methodology are essential in this research, as these are needed in order to properly collect the necessary data for this study. The research design that will be used is the qualitative type of research. The research design is characterized to be exploratory and descriptive because these are necessary in identifying and assessing the changes that happened in the fashion industry. The measurement procedure that will be conducted involves the use of personal interviews and document analysis. The personal interviews will be used in order to gather the responses of consumers when it comes to their knowledge and perception regarding the changes that took place and are currently happening in the fashion industry. In relation to this, document analysis is also an important tool in gathering important information from various papers that are written about the development of the fashion industry. Furthermore, in the sampling design, the researcher will use the purposive sampling method in order to identify the participants for this study.   

Research Design
The qualitative research design entails carefully studying variables that are found in its natural setting. The variables that are studied using the qualitative type of research also require the participation of human subjects. As a result, the variables in a qualitative research are recognized to have an interpretative and emergent nature (Flick, 2009). The qualitative research design is mostly used in the realm of social science because the sociological phenomena that are being investigated in this field are found in a non-controlled environment. One of the primary advantages in employing the qualitative type of research is the importance that it provides to human participants because it give due recognition to the knowledge of individuals to understand the events that are happening in their environment and also within their lives. In addition, the experiences and opinions of the human subjects who went through the phenomena that are being studied are also given utmost attention (Yin, 2003). In this sense, the qualitative research design allows the researcher to collect data that are unique within an individual.

Being the case, the qualitative approach is the most appropriate research design for the study because it will allow the researcher to gather the necessary data about the knowledge, perception, opinions, and experiences of the consumers when it comes to the changes and development that took place in the fashion industry. Moreover, the qualitative type of research also enable the researcher of the study to use important documents and other related references in order to collect the necessary data about the changes in the fashion industry from the previous works of other researchers and authors.

Interview
In the course of this research it is important that the process of attaining interviews must be done in order for the research to be much credible. Hence, in order to attain such, a personal interview must be conducted in order to attain the personal view point of consumers who had been actively purchasing different merchandisesclothing materials. Hence to have this, a personal interview to attain the specific viewpoint of people who interested in fashion most especially with the product line of Zara. The researcher shall use an informal conversation interview in order to obtain the needed information from various consumers (Stroman et. al., 2008).

The interview of consumers shall be a huge part in providing the specific desires of people as well as the changes in fashion which as had happened in the recent times. The interview shall contain questions regarding the personal purposes of consumers in buying products and how they see Zara as the most influential and desirable clothing line. Hence, all the queries shall pertain to how Zara is viewed by consumers. Thus, the concept of fast fashion shall also be encompassed by the questions as the consumer sees it. Through these personal interviews, the research shall attain full trustworthiness of how consumers react and address the issue of fashion and the changes which is currently occurring the fashion world as well as in the marketing perspective. In addition to this, the interview shall also encompass the questions regarding the changes of fashion since the 1950s and how consumers view towards its flourish and glamour.

Upon this, the interviews which are conducted shall be noted in order to be reminded of the answers provided by the consumers. Through this, the interview shall be utilized as in the main data to assume the perspective of consumers regarding the topic of changes in the fashion and lifestyle of people.

Document analysis
Throughout the study, the use of the methodology of document analysis is needed in order to have a much credible research. Hence, this study shall utilize different documents from books, articles, magazines and online sources to attain the needed sources for the research. As stated by Altheide (1996), a document analysis is one method of seeking the important information regarding certain types of issues. Through analyzing various kinds of the secondary resources former studies regarding such topic shall be utilized to attain the past studies.  Through the use of secondary sources, the study shall be able to balance the outcomes of different sources while incorporating the results of the current study. Furthermore, the document analysis shall be the main sources of the information together with the informal conversation interview.

Sampling Design
The sampling design that will be used for this study is the purposive sampling. Purposive sampling is conducted by the researcher with a particular objective in mind. The usual purpose of the researcher in using this kind of sampling method is to gather data from predefined groups of people that the researcher is seeking for the study. The use of purposive sampling also enables the researcher to analyze the people passing by a specific location and approach them to participate in the study only when they fit the category that is necessary for the human participants of the research. One of the benefits of using the purposive sampling is that it is helpful in situations wherein the researcher needs to reach the targeted sample quickly and proportionality sampling is not a primary concern for the study. The use of purposive sampling enables the collection of necessary data coming from the target population of the study (Schutt, 2006).

In line with this, the purposive sampling method will be used by the researcher in order to identify the participants of the study. The sampling population will be composed of 100 respondents. The population will be chosen through purposive sampling with the criteria that the respondents will be within the age range of 16 to 40 and racial diversity will be observed by including Caucasians, Afro-Europeans, and other minority groups. The researcher will conduct the purposive sampling in (Please specify your preferred location of study) in the three nearest malls near the vicinity, namely (Please specify the three nearest malls in your chosen location).

North Korea and its nuclear programme
The fundamental responsibility of states lies in provision of security and well-being to its citizens. However, the post cold war era has witnessed increased threat to security of states and individuals in the wake of increasing nuclear armament policies adopted by governments across the globe. The issue of nuclear weapons has posed a serious question on environmental security and growing unrest among nations to establish their political, economic and military supremacy.

The economic growth and prosperity of North East Asian countries is threatened by the stocking of nuclear weapons by Korea in a bid to assert its supremacy in the region and thwart US attempts to topple the countrys government. The history of the Korean nation accounts much for the growing threat from North Korea and its increasing nuclear capacity. The political division of the country into North and South Korea has created hostility among the two nations with each side viewing the other as a dangerous and illegitimate state with which compromise is tantamount to surrender (Kang, 2000). The fear of the neighboring countries of the impending threat and danger to security has triggered the belief that military combat is the only solution to pressurize the North Koreans to reduce nuclear warfare capabilities.

Arguments for forceful action against North Korea
The desire to go to war against each other is not in the spirit of democracy and this is evident in the global attempt to strengthen ties between two hostile countries. As is the case with North Korea, South Korea and United States that have for long adopted hostile policies to establish their supremacy over each other. The apprehension among North and South Korea in context of national security increased in view of the strengthening ties between US and South Korea. The period between 2001- 2005 was marked by increasing differences between the nations and acts of building nuclear arsenal to assert military strength. During the year 2006 efforts were made towards peaceful cooperation between North and South Korea through talks and negotiations. The South Korean demand for closure of nuclear reactor plants in North Korea was met with stiff resistance and clashes between the two countries. The situation has been further aggravated by the political unrest and oppressive rule of Kim Jong in North Korea. Most South Koreans feel the oppressive rule should be brought to an end and liberate their Northern counterparts to form a strengthened union. This is an ideal situation since it will mark an end to the anarchical rule in North Korea and create a platform for stronger Korean alliance. However, this may not serve the political objectives of other neighboring countries or US since a unified Korea might present a distinctive threat to other economies in East Asia.

Moreover, South Korea suspects that US role in the whole game-plan to change the ruling regime in North Korea that could be in its vested political and economic interests. Roughly during 2003-2006, confident that Americas real North Korea policy was one of regime change, and fearing its imaginable calamity to peace and prosperity on the Korean peninsula, South Korea has been extremely suspicious of Americas intentions in its every policy move, and extremely passive in cooperation (Park, 2008).

A report on Asian Threat in Asian Military Review (2008) observes that North Koreas artillery platforms that include Multiple Launch Rocket Systems (MLRS) deployed near the De-Militarized Zone (DMZ) poses significant threat to Seoul as well as the entire Korean peninsula in the event of an attack by the North Koreans People Army. The report endorses that the nuclear capability of North Korea was initiated by the possible threat of attacks by South Korea in alliance with United States. The biological and chemical warfare ammunition piled by North Korea will act as a deterrent against any attack by its Southern counterparts.

One of the primary objectives behind the increasing nuclear powers across the globe is its role in compelling other nations to bow to their wishes using nuclear attack threats. The nuclear weapons could hence be used to stop other superpowers or neighboring countries from taking an aggressive stance (Grants blog, 2008). This is illustrated by the fact that the possible threat of nuclear weapons use prevented Soviet Union from invading Germany during the cold war because it was likely that nuclear retaliation of would destroy the entire Soviet Union (Maxim News, 2008).  However, the potential threat of using these weapons of mass destruction lurks heavily posing a distinctive threat to mankind and the peaceful co-existence between nations.

One of the choices left to United States, South Korea and other neighboring countries to quell the imminent nuclear threat is by use of sheer force and military combat that is effective in overthrowing the ruling regime and replace it by a new political order that takes into account global peace and security. This strategy can be effective in stopping the North Koreans from adopting a non-nuclear program and create a safe environment within the East Asian countries that is conducive for economic growth and development. However, this cannot be done without the cooperation of the regional governments who are threatened by the nuclear weapons program. North Korean issues can be resolved only if a united and sustained strategic pressure from neighboring countries, among which South Korea and the United States should be the core promoters for a joint strategy (Park, 2008).

The key issues involved in meeting security challenges are military capacity, duration of operations, economic reconstruction, democratisation, and humanitarian assistance. The global organizations planning to intervene and restore peace and order in any threatened economy need to look deeply into these issues. Any operation involving risk to security and threat to the common public requires adequate military personnel to combat the law and order situation. The amount of troops required, supplies of food and ammunition is largely dependent on the estimated duration of operations. Once the law and order has been restored the next step should be economic reconstruction that involves facilitating financial aid to restore the shattered economy and pave the way for economic growth in the country. The democratisation of the country is vital since the political system needs to be restored keeping in the mind the freedom of choice and flexibility in the hands of the people living in the area.  The institutions should give prominence to the delivery of humanitarian assistance to the common people who have faced loss and have been ravaged by the chaotic situation that prevailed in their country.

Counter-arguments against forceful action
On the other hand, history has proven that armed conflicts might resolve certain political or other existing issues but it leads to massive destruction of life and property. Moreover, the question of use of nuclear capabilities can further worsen situations and trigger devastating results for the whole world. Diplomatic relations and negotiations are increasingly effective in maintaining global peace and strengthening ties between nations. The peaceful efforts at negotiating terms are evident in Chinas efforts to persuade the North Korean government to see the dangers of its nuclear program.

Chinas role in containing nuclear programme of North Korea is largely driven by the fear that other Asian countries too might pursue similar programs to improve their security against possible threats. Moreover, the collapse of Pyongyang will result in a huge inflow of refugees across the border to China. Hence, Beijing is actively participating in negotiations to bring the country and its nuclear ambitions to heel (AMR, 2008).

In this context it can be added that economic inter-dependence is a reality for all countries and applies to North Korea as well. The country is dependent for its food supplies and other necessities on import from other countries. The use of strategies such as trade embargos can be effective in restricting exports and imports of all items to and from the country. Such measures are adopted to harm the economy of another nation towards accomplishment of political ends.

Concluding remarks
The threat from North Korean possession of weapons of mass destruction has created an environment of distrust and suspicion among the neighboring countries. One of the impacts of the policy of nuclear armament is the increasing hoarding of nuclear weapons by other countries as well to improve their security and minimize external threats. Countries which have struggled to develop a nuclear arsenal to achieve hegemony in their regions  such as those in Asia  are determined to hold on to this still potent symbol of power, and countries which aspire to this, such as Iran, to attempt to develop them (AMR, 2008). Hence it should be noted that while nuclear disarmament is the need for a peaceful global existence and it cannot be applied to a few nations alone. The major nuclear powers of the globe like United States are talking of nuclear disarmament while they stock sufficient weapons of mass destruction. As Mr. Faleomavaega pointed out in his address to the Congress Meet for North Korean Nuclear Negotiations (2005)  How is it possible for our own country and Russia and China and France and Great Britain to tell other countries not to develop a nuclear weapons program, but it was all right for the nuclear five club to maintain and continue to hold onto their own nuclear arsenals (Congress Meet, 2005)

Japan and its ties with America
For the argument -
The anti-American sentiments among Japan have evoked the debate for independent ties and increased sovereignty towards foreign policy decisions. The urge for being a normal nation has created new waves of nationalist feelings among the Japanese population who feel that Japan should focus more on strengthening ties with other Asian and European nations to improve economic growth and development prospects. The various advantages of adopting this stance are briefly outlined as follows

A shift towards a normal nation indicates the total sovereignty of its social, economic, military, and legal policies and actions.

Japan can benefit from a severing of ties with America in terms of increased prestige and respect among other neighboring countries and global powers and enable the country to forge improved relations with other neighboring countries.

This will enhance cooperation among the Asian economies and strengthen their hold over the economic growth and prosperity of the countries.

Freeing itself from US ties will also provide the country with increased independence to pursue a foreign policy that will improve economic ties that work in favor of East Asian economic development.

One of the major limitations facing this move is the historical anger between the neighboring countries. However, this can be resolved through improved diplomacy and collaborative gestures between nations.

Counter argument-
United States is a strong ally and can be effective in quelling unwanted attacks on security of any country. This is one of the primary benefits of maintaining strengthened ties with the global power. Japan will benefit in maintaining its status quo by remaining an ally with the US government. Moreover, there are various issues facing Japan in the event of its severing ties with the US and these include

Increased economic costs on account of reduced assistance from US and its allies.
Neighboring countries might perceive this move as an imminent threat to their independence and might side by US to defend against such threats.

American bases within the Japanese territories will get removed and this may result in perceived weakness of military strengths.

Japan will have to incur the military costs so far maintained by the US.

It can be stated that so far Japan has enjoyed a secured existence under the American hegemony that has shaped its antimilitarist security policy (Miyashita, 2007). Severing this tie can be a big step that requires increased control and management of its economic resources and diplomatic strengths to sustain its position in the East Asian region.

The ends and goals of politics could simply be reduced to human survival and happiness (Lindstrm, 2007). This paper seeks to defend and explain this assertion by discussing the ends and goals of politics from what could be commonly supported by theory and observed in human experience.
       
Theoretically, politics deals with the process by which people may their collective decisions.  In the humans desire to study the intricacies of politics overtime as societies evolve overtime, man created a science of politics.   

Political science deals with the study of state, which must consist of the following elements as follows people, territory, sovereignty, and government (Wang, 1981).
       
The fact the people and territory are elements of a state, there is basis to state that  human survival in certain land mass where they could move freely is required to ensure sustainability over long period. That the ends and goals of politics could be reduced  to nothing by human survival and human happiness could be found in the declarations of  governments  around the words about  their objectives of promoting public interest in their constitutions, which include the right of their people to life, liberty and property (Murrin, J. et al., 2008).
         
The right to live must be couple with the right to property and liberty, which are ingredients also of happiness and survival.   Sovereignty comes with independence from other nations meddling would also insure  survival of people and or happiness to be possible.
         
Thus, government must be able to provide health and social services to each people to at ensure at least the need for survival. Mans basic needs include food, clothing, shelter, education. These are essentially as part of human rights, which are integrated in almost all parts of the governments constitution around the world.
     
The work of government as fourth elements of state is nothing but an agency to carry out the purpose of state.  In providing foods, education, clothing and education, it is given that resources are limited. Since resources are limited, the issue of economics comes into the picture. As to who and how will economic management be accomplished is therefore a decision made via politics (Kipnis and Meyers, 1985).
   
In democratic governments like the US, people who are eligible to vote via their constitution will elect their and political officers which include the president in the executive branch and senators and congressional representatives for their legislative branch.  In the management of resources, the president prepares the budget, which must be approved by the required votes of their senators and congressional representatives (Bardes, B. et al (2008).
         
The process therefore of election and the manner decisions are made are political in nature and this is where the essence of politics becomes clearer.  The budget represents the expected revenues that government may collect in the form of taxes from its people for the services it renders to its people. At the same time, the same budget includes expected expenditures by government in providing good and service to its people.
       
Each government has each own form or structure. It could be democracy, or dictatorial or monarchical. Democracy could be seen in the US and other countries in Europe.  Dictatorial forms may take the cases of Cuba and North Korea and monarchical form may include that of Saudi Arabia. The leaders of latter forms of government came to power their personal charisma and influence and not necessarily the election. The fact that the people of these dictatorial or monarchical governments support their leaders without the benefit of election is still within the realm of politics since people consent with how powers are exercised and resources are managed to attain the goals of life preservation with happiness as an essential part.
   
As long as people are happy and contented with their leaders and their government, they will continue to support the latter but the moment they are not, they could go into revolutions, aimed at changing, or overthrowing their governments to attain what will cause them to live with happiness.
     
Sometime states and countries feel they could not survive with their resources and they resort to wars against other nations just still to attain their objectives. However, since the source of happiness could include power, influence and influence, states could go to war with other states or nations to such effect as well. However, in the international context humans still see the reality that all men lives in one earth and one world, thus an international association of governments, like the United Nations, works for the promotion of international peace and prosperity and recognition of universal human rights, which are also consistent with human survival and happiness.
     
To conclude, as long as humans live, the need for government and politics should always be there. As to the best way to attain goals is also partly a function of religion and culture, which are still part of bigger concept of human happiness and survival. Politics therefore may have a negative meaning because of reported election frauds in democratic countries or abuse to power in non-democratic ones. However, in its generic sense, politics aims to attain human survival and happiness.

The landslide victory of Japans opposition party that ended the five-decade rule of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) signals the overwhelming public sentiment for reform. Japans incoming Prime Minister Hukio Yatohama (DPJ) has made it clear that the new government will build a foreign policy that would be more independent of the United States, a long-standing ally (Kyung). This pledge opens the floodgates for a renewed debate on whether or not departing from the status quo of US-Japan bilateral relations will be in the best interest of the Asian country, which has existed as a pacifist, abnormal and US-dependent nation since its devastating defeat in the Second World War. This paper argues in favor of reform and maintains that Japans transition into a more independent nation will benefit the country militarily and economically, strengthen Japans position in regional and international affairs, thereby leading toward greater prestige and national pride. Times have changed. Threats have become more imminent. Now is the time for Japan to move on beyond the subservient position the US imposed on the country in 1945 toward a more equal relationship.

Greater military autonomy
The greatest argument toward greater military autonomy for Japan is that its reliance on the US is no longer sufficient to protect it from the real threats it faces. The greatest argument against military autonomy is that it could trigger an arms race in East Asia and create more security tensions. The nuclear threat from North Korea  missiles flying over its territory and ships invading territorial waters  cannot be ignored. China has since been persistent in amassing military capability as it competes with Japan over resources that have grown increasingly scarce (Samuels 110). To deter frictions and threats to its national security, Japan has relied on the provisions of the US-Japan security treaty, which according to Yoshihide Soeya, subordinated Japans traditional security concerns to those of the United States (211). Given the global security threats of terrorism, ethnic disputes, and extremism, Japans passive pacifism is no longer reflective of actual geopolitical realities. Now more than ever, it needs to upgrade its capability to ensure its self-defense. Whatever the form and degree of military autonomy Japan takes on would be done only in the interest of self-help and because of the legitimate doubt that the US, by all intents and purposes, would not come to the rescue of Japan in the event of a major military emergency (Middlebrooks 59). The global conditions today are drastically different in 1945 when the US vowed to defend Japan without any reciprocal commitment (Samuels 190) since the end of the Cold War, the US has treated Japan indifferently, even to the extent of abandonment (Glosserman 41). There is increasing anxiety that the US is not adequately meeting its security commitments in terms of ballistic defense (Finnegan 16).

The unreliability of US military commitment necessitates self-reliance on the part of Japan to ensure its national survival. A more independent Japan would require a shift from its doctrine of defensive defense to that of collective defense (Samuels 220). Naturally, this shift would alarm its Asian neighbors, given Japans historical record of aggression. If Japan emphasizes on collective defense, must not do so with an independent security posture. As what neoautonomists suggest, autonomy means building a better military shield that is nuclear and operationally independent of the United States (Samuels 193). Maximizing this autonomy would mean that Japan will buy more offensive weapons, increase defense spending, allow its defense firms to have a role in weapons systems development, and increase its patrol perimeters to include the Persian Gulf (Samuels 200). From its gun-shy diplomacy and its three non-nuclear principles (Miyashita 104), a more independent Japan would be one that could muster sufficient military power to defend itself from external aggression.

Opponents of this proposal would argue that any move toward offensive defense would increase tensions, especially on the part of Korea and China, countries that still possess substantial degrees of historical anger. They would likewise argue that such a shift in Japans security strategy would create problems within the US-Japan alliance. Would such a shift from the status quo offend or stoke hostility from the US and other nations Initially, it would. Any effort to create a self-reliant Japanese military should be accompanied by strengthened cooperation and regional diplomatic ties. It is a gradual process that must be coupled with diplomacy. Moreover, a more independent Japan does not equate to completely cutting off ties with the United States and would not be adverse to the alliance. Rather, greater military autonomy would be in the best interest of both Japan and the United States.  As the US seeks for greater participation from its allies in implementing its global security strategy, a more self-reliant Japan would contribute more operationally. Moreover, if Japan were to develop its capabilities fully for self-defense, it would become a more effective participant in the regional and global campaign for nuclear deterrence and nuclear proliferation (Finnegan 22).

Economic Implications
The value of Japans economic partnership with the United States could not be disputed. Greater independence from the US would be detrimental to Japans interest because the latter could impose economic pressure on the country. On the other hand, a more independent policy could bring Japan closer to its regional economic partners, particularly China, and could convert a threat into an opportunity. Japan is the second largest global economy and is heavily reliant on consumption in the US. The most disadvantageous consequences should the move toward a more independent Japan creates animosity within the US will be economic in nature. While the Japanese economy would incur heavy losses should its economic ties with US are strained, the relationship will stabilize in the long run. History has proven that Japans straightforward resource diplomacy has enabled it to manage its trade relationships across enemy lines without alienating the US (Yoshihide 218). For instance, Japan traded successfully with China and entered into a private trade agreement despite being aligned with the US in the Cold War. Despite potential backlash from the US, Japan traded with the Arab countries and the OPEC even designated the country as friendly and refrained from cutting off its oil supply (Yoshihide 217). To stabilize the economic impact of greater independence, Japan can always look to strengthening its relationship with East Asia particularly China and the Asia-Pacific countries. While the US still reels from recession, China today is a bustling economy. Moreover, Japanese dependence on the US consumer market may be large, but it is no longer the largest. US buys 29 percent of Japanese exports but the entire Asian region buys 44 percent (Sugita). There is still room for Japan to pursue stronger ties with its Asian neighbors should the US put economic pressure on the country. On the other hand, for the US to completely sanction Japan economically would be adverse to its interests. While Japan reveals itself to be the more dependent partner in the bilateral relationship, the US also depends on the Japanese market. In the final analysis, the US will understand how Tokyo works hard to reconcile its Asian diplomacy and economic interests with its global diplomacy and military interests (Samuels 205).

An active regional role
By moving toward more independence, Japan would be able to play an active role in regional issues. Conversely, it could rekindle historical anger and exacerbate already existing regional tensions. In the regional level, historical anger of Japans past mistakes still exist. Coupled with its close ties with the US, there is always the political doubt from Japans Asian neighbors who are weary and oppositional to US foreign policy. If Japan wants to foster stronger and friendlier relations with its Asian counterparts, it must liberate itself from what is perceived as excessive dependence on the US (Samuels 188). Greater defense capability may trigger an arms race but would also allow Japan to be more responsive to the concerns of its Asian neighbors in the field of environment, piracy, disease control, and cultural diplomacy (Samuels 200). Considering that world public opinion has been increasingly negative towards US foreign policy in the light of Americas unilateral decision to go to war in Iraq, Japan, being a close ally, draws itself nearer to the same anger. Distancing from the US by coming up with an independent defense strategy is important now, more than ever, because apparently, it no longer makes sense to follow the teachers instructions (Yoshihide 221). Moreover, Japan could maximize its ties with China and transform the Chinese threat perceived by the US into a Chinese opportunity (Samuels 197). Concerns of any move to strengthen Japans military capability is inevitable among Asian nations, particularly China and Korea. However, persistent diplomatic efforts on the part of Japan would temper such concerns in the long term.

International participation
A more independent Japan would allow the country to establish international presence that is commensurate with its national power. In the US-sponsored constitution ratified in 1945, Japan is prohibited to possess military forces by virtue of the prohibition of the right of belligerency (Miyashita 100). However, pro-pacifist sentiment among the Japanese has dwindled lately. The nuclear threat from North Korea and Chinas territorial ambitions are not mere rhetorical, but real threats. The current passive defense strategy of Japan makes it more vulnerable to Kim Jong Ils nuclear ambitions and Chinese expansionism. Greater military autonomy would empower Japan to become more functional in securing global peace. The Japanese public has always supported the countrys desire to become more influential in the international arena especially in the campaign against nuclear proliferation, human rights, and environmental protection. In fact, a 2003 poll conducted showed that 67 percent of the Japanese feel that their country should have a more active role in the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security (Miyashita 106). Japans dedication to the cause of human rights and peace efforts are evidenced by its huge contributions to the United Nations. Its desire for greater international participation is manifested by its campaign for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council (Yoshihide 220). Japans bid for greater involvement is constrained by political and constitutional frameworks of its US alliance and the only way for to achieve this aim is to gradually correct the imbalance in the US-Japan relationship and assert its right to collective defense (Funabashi 52). The postwar constitution on 1945 is the main hindrance toward Japans right to assert itself globally. Japans subservience is permanently etched within the confines of the US-Japan Treaty.

Greater prestige and national pride
The direction towards greater independence is essential in upholding prestige and national pride, values which are important to the Japanese national identity. Prestige, a combination of strength and wealth, is currently put at a disadvantage because of Japans subservient relationship with the US. As Japan grows in economic power and given its outstanding performance of its donor role and proven commitment to peace, maintaining a dependent position to the US is an affront to its sovereignty. Increasing prestige can only be achieved by equalizing the alliance through an establishment of a better and enhanced military shield (Samuels 192). Reforming its security policy would contribute to Japans aspirations to gain the respect of the rest of the world, and it must do so on its own terms and at its own pace (qtd. in Samuels 187). Seeking independence does not mean withdrawing support from the US but to make independent decisions and display its own style of leadership (Samuels 190). 

Responding to North Korea Force or Diplomacy
This outline provides the main points and supporting arguments on whether or not the use of force should be applied to prevent North Koreas nuclear proliferation activities which threaten global peace and security.

Proposition 1 Force is not necessary
Main Argument North Koreas nuclear program is defensive in nature and should be dealt with using diplomacy, not force. A careful review of North Koreas history and past actions suggest that its nuclear weapons program is designed as a means of self-defense to protect is sovereignty and to deter external attack from powerful countries that could undermine the gains of its communist revolution.
Nuclearization essential to recognition of state legitimacy. North Koreas buildup of nuclear weapons is meant to assert its legitimate position in the international order of nations. Its situation as the lone communist state requires it to show that it is militarily capable of protecting its territory. In this regard, it is acting like any legitimate non-communist state and should be regarded and respected in the same manner.

North Koreas claims of self-defense have basis. North Korea is entangled in a unique and extreme situation. It finds itself caught in the intersection of the worlds four major powers  US, China, Russia, and Japan. US and Japan support South Korea and consider North Korea an illegitimate country and are hell-bent on imposing its democratization. Geographically, North Koreas location makes it extremely vulnerable to external aggression.

Nuclearization acts as leverage to open up trade for weak economy. North Koreas nuclear posturing, while appearing to be a power tool, is a cry for help. Since the end of Soviet support, it has fought for its survival and emerged barely breathing  poverty and hunger pervade. North Koreas gradual opening up for trade and economic relations belie its aggressive stance.

Threat of nuclear use by North Korea illogical. North Koreas nuclear weapons are political, not military instruments. Using nuclear weapons would be defeatist for North Korea since it legitimizes a full-scale war against it. Weapons are for aggressive stance, not aggressive action.

Proposition 2 Force is necessary
Main argument It is an inescapable fact that North Korea indeed possesses nuclear weapons. The threat of its usage is real and must be dealt with by force.

North Korea is aggressive and dangerous to global security
The fact that North Korea possesses nuclear weapons and has threatened to use it must be treated seriously. That it did despite worldwide condemnation requires peace-loving nations to demand the destruction of its nuclear program.

Kim Jong Ils behavior and leadership style precludes the negotiation as a successful option.
North Koreas leader is not trustworthy in keeping his word or commitments to the international community. Negotiations have collapsed because Kim is merely resorting to blackmail.

Not punishing North Korea a dangerous precedent
If North Korea goes unpunished for its nuclear weapons proliferation, it sends a bad precedent internationally. It sends the signal that countries with nuclear ambitions can get away with it. It encourages other nations to build nuclear program like Iran. Disarming North Korea is a highly urgent global security issue.

Summary The dilemma of how to address the nuclear threat from North Korea is divided into two camps. Those who view North Korea from the purely military perspective perceive it as a rogue state and demand denuclearization by force. Those who view it from the lens of political economy equate its nuclearization with state survival and propose diplomacy. Resolving this issue is perhaps the most important action in order to maintain international peace and security.

Debate Points International Affairs

A more independent Japan would serve its interests by allowing it to establish international presence that is commensurate with its national power.

Greater military autonomy would empower Japan to become more functional in securing global peace.

This transformation would put Japan in a more active position to influence global policies regarding nuclear proliferation, human rights, and environmental protection, areas where it has an outstanding record on.

Japans greater international participation is justified because it is a top contributor to the United Nations.

Its bid for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council is supported by its citizens.

The only hindrance to Japans right to assert its international presence is its subservience to US.

The United States of America, being the strongest economy in the world is one of the countries with the best employment rates. In spite of this fact, a big number of workers have been sent home, thanks to the recent economic recession which started in 2007. Many of those who had no jobs also failed to secure employment for long periods of time. Unemployment rate has been on the rise since 2007, and this has been caused primarily by the global economic recession. During the 1990-1991 recession, unemployment rate went up for fifteen consecutive. When Bush won the election to rule for the second term, the unemployment rate went on rising and reached its maximum in 1992. Even after the recession stopped in 2001, it took five months for the wages of the workers to go up. At the same time, the rate of unemployment did not go down to the same level where it was before the recession, until 2005. Economists believe that the economic recession that started in December 2007 will make the rate of unemployment to continue rising until it reaches a maximum ( which they say is In the near future) and then stagnate at this peak until 2015 (Gilpatrick,  2009)

A peculiar thing in this recession is that the jobless people are from different socio-economic levels. In spite of the fact that the U.S. is the strongest economy in the world, the number of unemployed people in the U.S. is very high. This is not because theyare not sufficiently educated, but there are simply not enough job opportunities for them. Concerning college-educated workers, their rate of unemployment is also on the rise. Coupled with this is the fact that they lose their jobs when their companies want to hire newly-educated workers who accept lower salaries than the older, experienced workers. In 1990s, the educated and older workers lost their jobs at a much higher rate during the recession than in the early 1980s. It shows the unemployment rate of educated workers is increasing more and more. Women, especially unmarried ones are finding it hard to get jobs nowadays. This is because, normally, unmarried women are younger than women who are already married. Accordingly, age is also one of the reasons of unemployment, and this affects people differently according to their socio-economic levels (Gilpatrick, 2009)

Constitution and Unemployment
The US constitution provides that a worker who is fired through no fault of their own be given financial compensation until they get another job, or for a reasonable period of time. This compensation is controlled by both the federal and the state law. This scheme was established by the Social Security Act 1935, and is mostly carried out through the Federal Unemployment Tax Act. Different states have their unique operate compensation schemes. It is however, mandatory for these schemes to be inspected by the Secretary of Labor to determine if they meet the federal standards. The amount and period of time for which the compensation is paid is determined by both federal and state governments. The compensation program is sustained by taxes paid by the workers to the  state and federal governments. The Labor law that regulates employeremployee bargaining was enacted in 1935 by Congress. It was amended in 1947 and also later in 1959. On March 3, 2010, the US passed a bill granting 10 billion as an emergence measure to extend unemployment benefits. Plans are underway to set aside 150 billion for a long term extension of the benefits. The 10th Amendment Nullification bill gives the states power to overrule the federal laws that they find unsuitable to them. It therefore means that the issue of unemployment rests more heavily on the states than on the federal government. This is evident in the case of the Stimulus Bill when states declared the federal legislature unconstitutional.

Solving the Problem of Unemployment
An important fact is that the government does not create private sector jobs it is the private sector that does it. The role of the government is to enact laws that create a conducive environment for investment and hence job creation. In order to create more jobs in the private sector, the following measures can be taken

All funding of projects both by the federal government and the states be based on results. This will ensure that revenue collected as taxes is not thrown away into non performing projects.
State and Federal projects be inspected by state legislature and Congress in order to halt those that fail to meet their objectives.

Remove economic growth barriers like taxes and red tape.
Refund all unspent taxes.
Unemployment is the situation where a person who is willing and is capable to work fails to get a job. One way to reduce the number of unemployed people is by reducing the number of people looking for work. If there are few people looking for work, then securing employment would be easy. This can be done by         
        
Availing loans to students in colleges to pursue masters, doctorate and higher degrees in order to lengthen their stay in the colleges, thereby delaying their entry into the workforce pool. These loans can be non-interest in order to make them appealing to the beneficiaries and be funded by the government. This would be a better investment than pumping money into unemployment benefit compensation programs. This would make the population of the campuses to rise hence requiring more houses around them. In constructing these houses, more job opportunities would be created.
Another strategy that can keep young people from joining the workforce pool is by providing an incentive for the youth to enroll with the army forces. This would have a two sided advantage increasing the size of the U.S. army and also keeping young people from becoming unemployed.
Reducing the number of working people would also leave vacancies which would be filled by unemployed people. This can be achieved if the government came up with a plan to encourage workers to retire two or three years earlier than what is stipulated by the social security. If those who accept to retire early could be given a cash price together with an arrangement that would ensure that they dont lose their social security retirement benefits, I believe that many workers, especially those who are about to retire would take the offer.

Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to point out that although there are many suggestions today on how to handle the current unemployment crises in the U.S, federal and state legislature need to look into the problem in a view to get long term solutions. Unemployment benefit compensation can not be considered a long term solution (Gallick, Robert , 2001)

The United States Congress consists of members both from Senate and House of Representatives who are chosen by direct election. Direct election is a system of choosing political office holders where the voters directly cast ballots for the person or persons or political party that they desire to see elected.

During policy or policies making, they can derail the process buy refusing to support unanimously any policy during the voting for the policies in the seating and this would delay the policy making process. Their vote would be divided and the proposes get outnumbered and this would see a policy being shot down and face a vote passing challenge if Congress itself get divided on the policy.
The Congressional Committees work is to discuss the bills that come to the house where by bills and their resolutions are usually referred to the appropriate committee, which then may report a bill back in its original form favorable or unfavorable or recommend amendments, report original measures, or allow the proposed legislation to die in committee stage any action if the bill was seen unfavorable or unsuitable.

Congress is important to the need of the citizens in the sense that the bills which are brought in the house which touches on the lives and economies of the country for them to be passed Congress has to unanimously pass them. Without which such bills wont be passed and hence wont be applied even if how much they would be of value to the citizens.

Congress needs to be decentralized in the sense to kill monopoly and be able to collect views and interests from various platforms and corridors so that the bills presented to the house are unilateral and are those that are a benefit to the majority and not vise versa.

The oversight body of the committee is made up of members from the administration, advisory commissions, regulatory reform committees of the cabinet, parliamentary committees and intergovernmental committees. The members are wide spread and their role is to regulate, coordinate and supervise the reforms to ensure quality standards.

The president can come up with policies and bills which he would want to see them pass and in such case he would first consult his party committee members and have them tabled and discussed by various committees for passing. His role is tamed in that, he can not just pass any policy, it has to be vetted and all he has to do is to align his members towards supporting the bills when they come to the house.

Miller Center on Carrot and Stick was referring the power struggle of persuasion that prevails towards proposals, negotiating compromises that involves congress to have their vote on matters relating to some sensitive bills in statehouse.

Max Weber was a political economist and a sociologist who came with the concept of social theory influence and the giving of sociology itself. In Webers theory the modern capitalism and rational bureaucracy as a point of departure in research i.e. natural laws are possible of establishment in cultural science and that such laws are conditioned psychologically.

The patronage system in the US government was a system where the winning party in election dispensing all appointive office positions to loyal members of the party in power. After the assassin of President Garfield, the Congress swung into action prompting their public authority to facilitate a reelection and thereby enacting numerous reforms that shed more light on the represented and their representatives.

Accountability n policy making is important in the sense that views from all regions and groups and relevant vetting is made to forester greater transparency through direct public scrutiny.
The Administrative Act of 1946 is an act which was to govern the process that federal administrative agencies follow in carrying out their responsibilities. The law governed the conduct of the state agencies.

The Clean Air Act was an act which was put to control air pollution in the United States. Though the law was initially passed in 1963, major amendments were made and added in 1970 with a comprehensive program of reducing air pollution.

The Supreme Courts role in the United States Government is to declare whether an act is constitutional or unconstitutional when it comes to policy making. Its major and only role is to adjudicate and the judges are appointed by the sitting president.

Judges should make decisions based on principle not political they should more focus on decisions not opinions. That way the decision would be a stand of right and wrong and opinion would favor a political position.

Supreme Court of the United States decided the case of (Joseph W. Cumming, James S. Harper, and John C. Ladeveze v. The County Board of Education of Richmond County, State of Georgia)  where in all-white Richmond County School Board closed Ware High School, a segregated, tax-supported, all-black high school in the City of Augusta.

The plaintiffs did not seek integration of the Augusta Public Schools nor did they lodge a complaint regarding the separation by race of children in the primary grades, they did not attempt to compel the board to provide a high school for blacks their demand was for injunctive relief that would force the closing of the white high school through the withholding of tax support until the black high school was reopened. This approach succeeded in the trial court but failed in the Georgia Supreme Court. In an opinion written by Justice John Marshall Harlan, the Justice who had just three years before asserted that the constitution was color-blind, the Supreme Court of the United States sustained the ruling of the Georgia Supreme Court denying the request for injunctive relief. Ware High School was not reopened.

The Supreme Court justice Sonia Sotomayor will make a significant role in the face of race and origin if appointed to the bench. She comes from a race opposed by majority of Americans in terms of race her being Hispanic amid her experience and expertise in legal issues.

Katrina incidence occurred in August 2005 and it remains the most pronounced natural disaster in United States history. Hurricane Katrina hit on New Orleans. This natural disaster was amongst the biggest in United States. Most parts in United States were covered by water for a couple of weeks. Federal levy system failed leading to flooding in many parts of the cities in United States.

FEMA stands for Federal Emergency Management Agency. This is an agency which is under Homeland Security Department. A Nation Prepared is the motto followed by this agency. The goal of this agency is to respond to any disaster whether manmade or natural. This agency does this through preparation and prevention of the occurrence of such disasters. The response of this agency to Katrina was disaster because they had not prepared well for the disaster (Gerber, 2009).

Other government agencies, military and citizenry groups took part in the Katrina incidence by giving aid to the affected citizens as well as recovering properties. The role of the president in this incidence could have been demanding the cooperation of various government agencies in offering aid to the affected people. The president has the role declaring it a national disaster and calling for donations from other countries.

The lesson learned from FEMA is the issue of preparedness to respond to disasters whether triggered by man or naturally occurring. There are various I could have put across if I were the director of FEMA. Ensuring that you have all the facilities required for response to a disaster is the mandate of a response agency (Gerber, 2009). I could have provided all the facilities required by my team to ensure we recover from the disaster as quickly as possible. Katrina incidence left many parts covered with water. This was because of poor drainage system. If I were the director, I have ensured an efficient drainage system.