Political Science

Iranian revolution laid a foundation for major transformation and challenges that are currently being experienced in the Middle East. Revolution took six years from 1905 to 1911, which led to the fall of Pahlavi dynasty and as a result, Qajar dynasty was overthrown under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Qajar. The monarchy was then replaced by Islamic republic which was led by Ayatollah Ruhollah. The revolutionary ideals for the Iranian government were anti imperialism and against American ideologies. It was more concerned with the oppressed in the society and the policies were well defined to create a boundary between the people of the Middle East and the Americans (Shahram, pp165).

Iran and the United States relations
The kind of leadership in Iran advocate on so many ideals of leadership that is based on protection of the citizens from oppression and protecting the wealth of the State. According to the people of Iran, the existence of America poses a lot of threat than gains and therefore they feel insecure and feel they can easily be dominated by the Americans and may lose their allies in the surrounding States. The government of Iran is opposed to the system used by the American government and claim that the United States government does not respect peoples rights. For the sake of unity in the Middle East, they rather support Palestine than to support the United States or Israel (Shahram, pp166).

As a result of lack of inspirational leaders that can lead others in protest, it is believed that the failure to be a classical power is as a result of political failure but not military failure. Most of the leaders in Iran are more concerned with the military influence and do not value diplomacy as a way of solving the problems. In the long run, terrorism and suicide bombers have increased in most parts of the world. Their religion also is promotes violence or war as a way of solving the problems rather than embracing diplomacy (Shahram, pp167).

Even though the USSR was once a major threat to the American government, several transformations have taken place and there is a paradigm shift of power from the USSR to Iraq especially before Sadam Hussein was hanged and now its Iran. This is posing a lot of challenge to the American government (Shahram, pp167).

As a result of the emerging super power in the Middle East, the US government has established friendship with other States in the Middle East such Persian Gulf or Kuwait and Qatar. Their relationship is seen as a threat to Iranian supremacy in the Middle East since the Gulf States are becoming more organized politically, economically and military. The rivalry between the two States has increased as a result of winning the confidence of the allies and the advancement in technology especially in the manufacture of nuclear weapons and other dangerous weapons that can pose a threat to security (Shahram, pp167).

Even though some States in the Middle East are not stable financially, the urge for unity is becoming more and more relevant in the fight against the American influence. For instance, Qatar has launched an initiative to focus on the problems affecting Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Egypt in Gaza and Saudi ArabiaAfghanistan (Shahram, pp168).

Many people believe that America is gradually losing power and that Iran is becoming more and more active in terms of policies and even some are for the idea of Iran coming up with harsh policies to control and provoke the United States and to frustrate their exclusive hegemony in the Middle East. President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has made a lot of effort in ensuring that the government remains powerful and free from oppression and as a result, Khamenei international advisor Ali Akbar supported the supremacy of Iran in the Middle East. With increasing rates of development, Iran has gained so much power and influence not only for political influence but to ensure that defense is well taken care of and to prevent any challenge that may be posed by others. Diplomacy between the two States has not been embraced since Iranian government believes that negotiation cannot be made without resistance (Shahram, pp168).

Iran was once a less powerful State but today, it is worth noting that Iranian government has progressed with time and the influence especially in the Middle East is worrying especially to weaker States such as Bahrain that can be easily occupied by the Iranian government. The Iranian activities are worrying, for instance, Iranian support for Hamas during problems such as war that took place in Gaza between 2008 and 2009 posed a danger to the weaker States such as Lebanon (Kaye Wehrey, pp2).

Theory and the nature of influence
The theory of liberalism can be said to be more applicable in the cold war between Iran and the United States since every State is interested in new alliances for the interest of the state and all the achievements, depends on the capability of each State. In international relations terms, liberalism allows the plurality in State actions and preference varies from State to State and that interaction is not only based on politics but also on economic influence. This can be said to be the reason why the United States is in constant cold war with the Iranian government just to control economic activities such as oil mining in middle East and coming up with policies that favors them politically. On the other hand, Iran is seeking both political freedom and economic freedom and sees the United States as the stumbling block for the realization of both.

The progressive move by Iranian government to gain allies from the Arab States has faced serious challenges since Iran is a non-Arab State. Iran is faced with serious challenge to serve the interests of the Arab States. Consequently, Iran may lose more allies as a result of the US influence and support to the Arab States and support from other non-Arab States.

It is also true that the current Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has enjoyed a lot of political appeal from the Arab States especially after the success of Hizballahs against Israel in the wake of 2006. The failure of unity among the States in the Middle East can be attributed by eminent factors that are more to do with the US influence and different policies in the Arab States. For instance, failure to have a unified consensus on the issue of Tehran is a clear sign of lack of unity among the Arab States. The deliberation to withdraw the American soldiers from Iraq can be said to be a clear sign of defeat for both the government of Iran and Iraq and this poses a big challenge to the States in the Middle East (Kaye Wehrey, pp5).

Most people believe that the American government handed over the power to Iran to control the affairs of Iraq. As a result, the United States influence is becoming more enormous and their interest can be a threat both politically and economically hence worrying. Iranian connection has contributed a lot to the political systems and reforms in the Middle East since 2003. During the delegation that was held in Baghdad, Iran was the first country to send a delegation to Iraq to attend the negotiation and recognized the power of the US government (Kaye  Wehrey, pp5).

Iran gave financial support to the government of Iraq to help in the building of infrastructures and putting up electricity to ensure that development is realized. This move by the Iranian government made many people to view Iran as a stronger country in the Middle East and in 2005, there was a high level delegation at Baghdad where the two governments, Iran and Iraq negotiated 1 billion aid for Iraq, to assist them in creation of new trade blocs, export electricity and to finance oil processing from crude oil to refined oil. This move even made Iran to be an important actor in Middle East and their influence in Iraq is seen as a sign of political stability (Nasr, pp2).

Conclusion
Finally, the current moves by the American President Barrack Obama to negotiate with the government of Iran is even making the condition to worsen and most of the experts argue that this may result to failure on the side of Iran and posing an economic challenge to the States in the Middle East. Iranian government is therefore facing a serious challenge of liberating themselves from the American influence which is seen to be growing day by day, even though the American government is reluctant to stop any move by Iranian government to gain political power or economic supremacy in the Middle East and the theory of liberalism can help in reducing the challenges facing the Iranian government.

In discussing intelligence there are several distinctions made when describing the process of intelligence gathering. Richard Helms in his memoir A Look Over My Shoulder A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency makes the distinction between covert actions, clandestine operations and analysis. This leads to how covert and clandestine operations are part of the intelligence cycle. What is the relationship between covert operations and intelligence These are interesting questions and in order to answer them one has to start with some basic definitions.

A covert action is defined as an  action so planned and executed as to conceal the identity of, or permit plausible denial by, the sponsor. In this particular case, the sponsor would be a government such as the United States. A clandestine operation is an intelligence or military operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed. The Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms defines clandestine operation as An operation sponsored or conducted by governmental departments or agencies in such a way as to assure secrecy or concealment. A clandestine operation differs from a covert operation in that emphasis is placed on concealment of the operation rather than on concealment of the identity of the sponsor.  Analysis is the decisive part of the intelligence process. It produces the insights for policymaking. It starts with identifying what the customer needs (requirements) and ends with delivering the intelligence (dissemination) to satisfy those needs. This is a simplification of a very complex process, but the conceptualization underlines the analysts pivotal role in transforming information provided by various collection systems into judgment and insight for the policy customer. Whether that information is good, bad, or somewhere in between, the
analyst must put it into a context that is relevant and useful for the policymaker.

Richard Helms story in A Look Over My Shoulder is full of tales of derring-do, but its real significance is likely to surprise spy-thriller aficionados and conspiracy theorists the C.I.A. is, first and foremost, simply a government agency. No differently than the Department of Agriculture, it executes White House policy. His professional life is essentially the story of undercover operations ordered by presidents. Standout examples Eisenhowers decisions to topple Prime Ministers Patrice Lumumba in Congo and Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran, President Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala and Fidel Castro in Cuba (continued by Kennedy), and Nixons clandestine war against Allende. On the big stuff, Helms makes a convincing case that rather than being a rogue elephant, an invisible government as often charged, the C.I.A. is a presidents political weapon of last resort, the keeper of the bag of dirty tricks. If agency acts appear roguish, Helms says, it is when government policy is roguish. He describes the dilemma when a president orders his intelligence chief to step out of bounds What is the D.C.I. to do .

Has he the authority to refuse to accept a questionable order on a foreign policy question of obvious national importance At this point, the spy chiefs choices are to sign on or resign.  Helms offers revealing instances of the uselessness of even the keenest intelligence if its message is unwelcome at the top. In analyzing the domino theory, which held that if Vietnam fell, the whole non-Communist world would teeter, Helms sent Johnson a secret assessment that concluded, The net effects would probably not be permanently damaging to this countrys ability to play its role as a world power. Johnson ignored the reports existence and pressed on with the war. During the cold war debate over the Soviet Unions capacity to deliver a first-strike knockout punch to the United States, the C.I.A. found that the Kremlin had neither the intention nor the weaponry to do so. The Nixon administration told Helms, in effect, to get on the team or shut up.

Cynthia Grabo in her work Anticipating Surprise Analysis for Strategic Warning, describes the function of warning intelligence. Warning intelligence is largely a post-World War II development. It evolved specifically as the product of the early days of the Cold War. The Soviet Union and other communist states had embarked on courses that were inimical to the interests and security of the Free World. This could possibly lead to surprise actions or open aggression. The surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 dispelled many conventional or historical concepts of how wars begin. There was a distinct fear that Americas enemies would once again undertake devastating, surprise military action and there would be no prior declaration of war or other conventional warning. This fear was very real. The development of modern weapons and long-range delivery systems increased the need for warning to avoid a surprise attack.  The term warning intelligence evolved and developed as a way to describe the process of preventive measures within the intelligence community. It is generally restricted to (a) direct action by hostile states against the U.S. or its allies, involving the commitment of their regular or irregular armed forces (b) other developments, particularly conflicts, affecting U.S. security interests in which such hostile states are or might become involved (c) significant military action between other nations not allied with the U.S., and (d) the threat of terrorist action.  Grabos work was done during the 1940s, but the message still rings true today. Ms. Grabo points out in her work that warning intelligence must not be treated as a by-product of  intelligence production. Working a warning problem is to anticipate events within their fullest political, military, economic, diplomatic and cultural context. The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were perceived as a complete surprise. This leads one to the conclusion that these events echo those of December 1941. The 21st century is a different world in many respects, but the principles of strategic warning have remained the same.

Bruce D. Berkowitz describes the reasons for using covert operations in intelligence. He indicates there are only two legitimate reasons for carrying out an operation covertly versus overtly. One is when open knowledge of U.S. responsibility would make an operation infeasible. One example is the CIA financing the Italian Christian Democratic Party in 1948. If this operation had become known,  the Communists would have successfully painted the Christian Democrats as U.S. lackeys, and CIA support would have backfired. Another valid reason for carrying out covert operations is to avoid retaliation or to control the potential for escalation. Covertness may be barely covered, but what little cover there is makes it useful. In the late 1940s, for example, the Soviet government knew the CIA was supporting resistance fighters in the Ukraine, since Soviet intelligence had penetrated most of the groups. Similarly, the Soviet leadership knew that the United States was supporting the Afghan mujaheddin in the 1980s. If U.S. leaders had admitted responsibility, Soviet leaders would have felt it necessary to retaliate, as was the case when President Eisenhower owned up to U-2 overflights in 1960, with the result that Khrushchev felt compelled to cancel the Paris summit meeting. Also in the case of Afghanistan, the Soviet Union could have struck at U.S. allies, perhaps with military action. Pakistan provided a base for the U.S. covert action in Afghanistan. Arab countries such as Egypt and Saudi Arabia provided arms and materiel. All of these countries wanted to avoid a direct confrontation with the Soviet Union, and covertness helped persuade them to do so.

Thomas H. Henriksen in Covert Operations, Now More Than Ever, also makes a case for the importance between covert operations and intelligence. The US government should always take the conventional diplomatic steps in order to advance American interests and promote regional peace. But traditional methods such as sanctions, presidential appeals or threats, and American largesse (read bribes) does not influence iron-fisted adversaries. Really tough nuts, such as Iraq, Iran, North Korea, Serbia, and Cuba, are not cracked by sanctions nor will they modify their policies because a miffed U.S. State Department has withdrawn its embassy staff. Economic embargoes are even more difficult, since they hurt innocent victims in  sanctioned states. Even the resort to international tribunals to try wrongdoers for murderous acts, for instance in Rwanda or the former Yugoslavia, is not sufficient to forestall determined criminals. Ex post facto arrests come too late to stop cold-blooded criminality, and most indicted war criminals remain at large under unenforced arrest warrants. International law, while enjoying a renaissance since the post-World War II trials, is still not strong enough to be relied upon where weapons of mass destruction or ethnic cleansing are concerned.

The process of intelligence gathering requires defining such terms as covert actions, clandestine actions, and analysis. This leads to how covert and clandestine operations are part of the intelligence cycle. The relationship between covert operations and intelligence is clearly defined in works by Richard Helms, Cynthia Grabo, Bruce Berkowitz, Thomas Henriksen, and others. Without covert and clandestine operations the United States would be hard-pressed to continue to shape its foreign policy. While diplomacy remains the foremost tool, undercover operations go a long way in stimulating action in countries hostile to US interests.

Since the American independence, the U.S. Grand strategy has seen dramatic shifts in its contours, scope and direction. In its early years after the union was declared, American Grand strategy was focused on first building the nation and a policy of isolationism and non-interference in the affairs of other nations. The contours of the US foreign policymaking strategies were shaped to a large extent by the advantages conferred by geographical isolation of the country, lack of contiguous enemies, absence of historical baggage and the indomitable, independent streak of its early settlers. The advantages mentioned above allowed a steady evolution of the US foreign policy from its early defensive doctrine of non-interference in European Affairs, the Monroe Doctrine, to a policy of Containment during the Cold War, to the policy of Unilateralism and Preemption that characterized much of the last decade to finally, a shift to a more inclusive and cooperative Multilateral strategy adopted by the Obama administration. However, with the U.S. military showing signs of overstretch due the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, threats from  a resurgent Russia and a rising China require a rethink of strategy whether America should revert to isolationism, or carry out a selective engagement strategy focused on either Europe or Asia. This paper argues that America needs to remain engaged with the world through a selective engagement strategy focused on Asia rather than Europe.

Extra-regional Hegemony theory is a neo-realist theory that includes systemic and domestic variables for conduct of a Grand strategy (Layne 28). The U.S. has been resorting to the use of this strategy since the end of the Second World War. At the grand strategic level, thinkers such as Zbigniew Brzezinski have argued that American hegemony was required to stabilize the world, especially the need for America to establish its supremacy over the Eurasian landmass as ever since the continents started interacting politically, some 500 years ago, Eurasia has been the center of world power (Brzezinski xiii). This is indeed true in the present day context because most of the global oil is located in Eurasia within the Persian Gulf region and the Central Asian Republics. 

The meteoric rise of China is a threat which the U.S. clearly factors in its country specific strategy dovetailed into the overall grand strategy. In respect to China, the U.S., since the days of the Ping Pong Diplomacy (Vogel, Yuan and Tanaka 58) in the 1970s has been predicated on Engagement. The logic behind this engagement strategy has been quite sound. China is too large country with too great economic potential to be antagonized. The Chinese quite early had very clearly demonstrated their intentions to practice an independent foreign policy away from the Soviets. So while the Chinese gratefully accepted all Soviet help, they had their own aspirations which the American policy makers quickly understood. Thus a friendly China or even a neutral China was calculated as a great help to the United States to fight the Soviets. Despite the demise of the Cold War, this Engagement policy is very much in place. China now however, is emerging as a serious challenger to American power. It has been employing a Hedging strategy , also attempting to employ bandwagoning strategy with nations that have differences with the US.  Therefore, the United States has no option but to embark on an Engagement Policy coupled with a Hedging strategy (Tunsjo 112) against China. To counter the spread of Chinese influence in Asia and the Pacific, the United States can use India another rising regional power as a possible countervailing force against China other than the traditional hedges Taiwan and Japan. This combination of Engagement and Hedging is the best strategic option against China for the foreseeable future.

A resurgent Russia faces some very serious macro problems. Russian power is almost wholly centered on its oil reserves, a finite commodity. Russian technological prowess has declined dramatically, since the fall of the Soviet Union and the Russian governments analysis that it was the military-industrial complex which had brought ruination has resulted in policies that have taken away necessary money from research and development leaving America firmly in the lead as the worlds technological superpower. Russian demographics with a declining birth rate poses a serious problem to the countrys ability to sustain vitality. America suffers no such deficiency, maintaining a healthy replacement level of population through its unique melting pot strategy that attracts the best minds from world over to immigrate to America. The real danger from Russia comes from its covert help to the Iranian regime and Middle East players such as Syria. Russia has also sought to limit Western advance into the Central Asian Republics by launching the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), which is a grouping of Central Asian republics, China and Russia with India, Iran, Mongolia and Pakistan as observers. The Russian focus, as can be deduced, remains firmly wedded to a McKinderite formulation centered on the primacy of Eurasia. 

The concept of Fortress America is an attractive one for those who consider that the previous two tenures of the Bush era were a folly and there is a need for America to withdraw from the world and recoup. Neo-Isolationism posits that having secured the Homeland by the extensive defensive homeland security measures and having weakened Al Qaida in Iraq and Afghanistan, America would be better served looking after its own self and desists from pulling out other peoples chestnuts out of the fire. Proponents of neo-isolationism argue that in the past America was isolationist in the 1930s (Johnson) and had benefited from such a policy. However, such an argument is fallacious as America had always been an internationalist power and cannot afford to disengage from the world especially now. In the globalized interconnected world, countries can no longer afford to follow isolationist policies. China, which for long had maintained its policy of isolation, had to change tack and integrate with the world economy. Even if America wishes to disengage from the international community, it cannot, because the engine of international commerce yet beats in New York and the decisions of International Geo-politics rest with Washington D.C.  Resorting to isolationism, as George Bush said, will only lead to danger and decline (Logan). Gelb qualifies the constituents of power to include economic and diplomatic tides rather than just initiating military storms (71). Also, the dangers from a globalised Islamic radicalism can create religious theocracies that could threaten American national interests (Fukuyama and McFaul 25-26). Therefore, American selective engagement strategy must aim at building democracies rather than spreading democracies throughout Asia. This is even more important considering the fact that America today depends heavily on Chinas continued efforts in underwriting American debt and that global economic power is steadily shifting from the West to the East. 

In conclusion, it can be emphatically stated that U.S. Grand strategy will require maintaining a selective engagement strategy focused on Asia.  The world needs Americas leadership and withdrawing precipitously from the scene will create a dangerous vacuum which is unlikely to be filled up by any of the lower ranking powers. An approach based on restoring domestic economic stability while simultaneously engaging with the world selectively with focus on Asia with an aim at building democracies rather than spreading democracy would be the best grand strategy option for the U.S. to follow.

Notes
Simply defined, Unilateralism means going at it alone, of taking independent action without recourse to consensus building or acceptance of the policy by international organizations such as the United Nations. The American invasion of Iraq is one such example of unilateralism. Unilateralism is the strategy of the strong and only the top tier of world powers can successfully execute such a strategy.  Unilateralism invariably draws opposition from friends and foes alike.

Preemptive strategy draws its strength from international law that allows for self defense and anticipatory self defense. American strategy in invading Iraq was in part based on this strategy of preemption to prevent Saddam Hussein from developing Weapons of Mass Destruction. In itself, such a preemptive strategy is justifiable under international law provided the necessity for embarking upon such a strategy can be supported by incontrovertible proof.

Multilateralism aims at building consensus amongst the comity of nations for taking any cogent action. Multilateralism, being an inclusive strategy helps develop legitimacy for actions taken. Multilateralism however, is a slower process as consensus building requires time, referral back to individual countrys domestic audience, compulsions and national interests and a compromise by all parties agreeing to abide by a multilateralist strategy. Multilateralism increases short term risks but offers a more stable long term outlook to a developing international situation.

An Engagement strategy is used when a direct adversarial strategy yields lesser payoffs or has a lesser chance of succeeding. Engagement strategy seeks to find avenues of cooperation and engagement with a possible adversary to produce a more stable global geopolitical system and maintain the balance of power. The US engagement strategy with respect to China initiated in the 70s by the Ford administration is one such example of an engagement strategy.

5. An engagement strategy in isolation can never produce the optimum payoffs that a nation might wish to acquire. Pure engagement might make the adversary much stronger than desired and therefore it is necessary to have a hedge against such occurrence. A Hedging strategy may include building relations with nations that may have inimical relations with the nation being engaged.

Weaker nations tend to follow the lead of a powerful nation to stave off threat to their national interests from that powerful nation. This is called as bandwagoning and also includes actions taken by countries to bandwagon with one strong nation to balance perceived threats from a hegemon or another powerful nation.

Sir, Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) in 1904 propounded the Heartland Theory that posited that the world island comprised of Europe, Asia and Africa and that most of the resources lay centered on the Russian land mass. The outer rim comprised of the island nations and the Americas but the heartland as such lay in Eurasia and thus whoever ruled Eurasia ruled the world.  Mackinders assertion at the beginning of the twentieth century changed the concept of closed international system of the 19th century to an idea of world domination as a viable political aim with the geographical pivot centering on the heartland of Eurasia. Mackinders Heartland Theory changed the ways geopolitics was conducted thereafter and greatly influenced Nazi Germanys strategists who sought to conquer the Russian land mass in their quest for world domination. Their subsequent defeat reinforced the Soviets perception of the centrality of the Russian landmass that then embarked on a predominant continental outlook.

The purpose of the study was on the role of the police officer in terms of implementing public safety, the research will investigate the effect of public perception on police forces actions and duties on implementation of public safety. Polices perceptions on their actions and duties when implementing public safety will also be looked at. The researcher will conduct a survey based on simple random sampling. The study will be asking 120 respondents to participate in the survey of which will primarily come from 60 members of the general public, 40 police representative and 20 relevant stakeholders.

The research will use Primary and secondary sources for gathering data, primary data will be collected using questionnaires and interview while internet, journals and books will act as source for secondary data. The data will be analysed using tables, graphs and pie charts. These methods will help in analysing the data collected towards compiling information for the study, which will facilitate in coming up with reliable findings and recommendation.

The Research Proposal on the Role of the Police Officer (PO) In Terms of Implementing Public Safety

Question
Police officers work in partnership with the public and are in the front line in the fight against crime and the fear of crime. They are citizen-focused, responding to the needs of individuals and communities. Using the latest technology, police officers are trained to manage information and intelligence in order to secure successful court prosecutions (Flanagan and Longmire, 2001). Major priorities include tackling antisocial behavior, reducing theft, robbery and street-related crime, combating organized crime, countering terrorism, supporting victims and providing a reassuring presence in the community.

A police officer (also known as a policeman or policewoman) is referred by Chackerian (1974), as a  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiWarrant_28law29 o Warrant (law) warranted employee of a  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiPolice_force o Police force police force. Police officers are generally responsible for apprehending criminals, maintaining public order, and preventing and detecting crimes. Police officers are sworn to an  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiPolice_oath o Police oath oath, and are granted the power to arrest and imprison suspects, along with other practices (Chackerian, 1974).
.
Responsibilities of a police officer are broad, changing from country to country. Common responsibilities include keeping of the peace, enforcement of the law, protection of the public and property, and the investigation of crimes. Officers are expected to be able to respond to a variety of situations that may arise while they are on duty. Rules and guidelines dictate how an officer should act towards the public and in the community, and some countries have restrictions placed on what the uniform officer wears.

In some countries, rules and procedure dictate that a police officer is obliged to intervene in a criminal incident, even if they are off-duty. Police officers in most countries retain their lawful powers, while off duty(Thurman  Reisig 1996).

Function in the community, in the majority of  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiWestern_world o Western world Western legal systems, the major role of the police is to maintain order, keeping the peace through the enforcement of the law (Skogan, 1975). They also function to  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiDeterrence_28psychological29 o Deterrence (psychological) discourage crimes through high-visibility policing, and most police forces have an investigative capability. Police have the legal authority of arrest, usually granted to them by magistrates. Police officers also respond to emergency calls, along with routine  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiCommunity_policing o Community policing community policing (Bayley, 1976).

Problems
In recent years there has been a move within police services towards a proactive and intelligence-led style of policing. This has coincided with recognition of the value of local policing solutions and the importance of the intelligence function at the local area command level. In todays politically correct world, police are often accused of profiling, selective enforcement, excessive force, racial insensitivity, along with a multitude of other complaints. We will never satisfy all of the naysayers, but we can improve police image by changing our perception and the perception of others. One of the most difficult problems that a police executive faces is the changing and sometimes negative attitude ofthe people we are sworn to protect (Wirths, 1958).

The publics perception of law enforcement is critical to maintaining an efficiently operating organization and, without the support of that public we will not have the full ability to complete their tasks.
Currently, in many jurisdictions, police organizations and community members have an almost adversarial relationship (Jesilow, Meyer  Namazzi, 1995). Attitude can be defined as posture, relative position, feeling, opinion, or mood. When a member of the public describes the police as having a poor attitude, he or she could be referring to the officers physical demeanor, tone of voice, mannerisms, or his uniform and appearance (Albrecht  Green, 1977).

The perceived bad attitude of one officer to one member of the public will have ramifications many times over and could affect the entire department.An officer who approaches a citizen with his hat pushed back on his head or with a cigarette, dangling from his lips does not exactly inspire confidence. A simple thing like wrinkled uniform and dirty shoes can do a lot to exacerbate a negative image (Albrecht  Green, 1977).

Figure 1 Conceptual Relationship between police perception and public perception                
Dependent Variable
Independent Variables    Dependent Variable
Aff Affects Affects
Source Author (2009)

Gap in Research
An intensive three-year survey on the Rajasthan Police has reaffirmed grave fears that a large majority of citizens has little trust in the local constabulary and most found policemen to be lazy.

Though theres no comparable study on the police forces in other Indian states, Abhijit Banerjee, professor of economics at Poverty Action Lab of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and co-author of the study, said the results could be extrapolated to other states and in world (Cox, 1996). The survey aimed to understand public perception of the police, how police officers view their jobs and the success rate of reforms initiated by the Rajasthan Police (Reisig  Correia, 1997).

The reforms on enhancing police and public positive perception can be extended to four areas freezing personnel transfers to reduce external interference in police work and provide security of tenure inviting the public to sit in police stations for three hours a day to help bridge the communication gap between the public and police rotating personnel in police duties to increase efficiency and manpower flexibility and a weekly day off and providing training in both technical and investigative skills (Bercal, 1970).

However, several police officers and experts who attended the meeting said that though the study was rigorously carried out, its recommendations were not new. Police citizens academies are perhaps one of the most effective means of educating the public by helping change and improve the perception of the police department (Huang  Vaughn, 1996). As a presenter at several of such classes, I was impressed by the diversity of the attendees the volunteers were extremely interested in police work, and included businessmen, laborers, factory workers and college students, to name but a few (Bordua and Tifft, 1971). Though all these were not the ultimate solution, but its a beginning. With the whole distinction of the police perception on public and visa-vie of their both actions and duties,  it will be the studys contrast to unfold more light on understanding of difference between the publics perception of the police actions and duties and the perception of the police of their actions and duties (Reisig  Correia, 1997).

Deficiency
Most research studies have just contributed more on how police duties and protocols should be adhered to when implementing public safety in the society, leaving the general public with negative perception on police action and duties in provision of public safety. On the other hand, significant role and contribution of the general public on implementation of the public safety to police not attributed by most researches (Murphy  Worrall, 1998).

Purpose
The study is vital in bringing out the distinction between perception of the police and the general public on each to a positive outlook than as a suspicious one, where police and public view each other as enemies instead as a one community.  More importantly, the research will be strengthening subtle factors that might have influenced the distinction of these perceptions this will assist in coming up with informed strategies and policies that will highly contribute to bridging of these negative perceptions of the police and the public in provision of public safety. 

Although the research study will be evaluating on the effect of these perceptions from the community level, policy makers and all relevant stakeholders on the both ends towards provision of public safety.  As such, it is with this respect that the research seeks to significantly contribute to the scholarly studies devoted in order to analyze such dynamics.

Literature Review
The role of the police in the society is of paramount importance in ensuring public safety. Protection of property, enforcing laws and bringing order and sanity during chaotic situations are just a few examples of their role. The police work alongside other stakeholders such as the firefighters, municipal council and detectives and more importantly the public in executing their responsibilities and service to the citizens. Michael (2008) argues that, the work of the police is intrinsically reactive, as the police are only needed when there is a crisis or a problem, which differentiates their work from other jobs. Bringing back order is a difficult task the reason unto why police are perceived negatively. The public who are the main recipients of police services hold various reasons for perceiving the police in a negative picture. According to a research by Maria (2004), it was found out that police fail to execute their duties as the public expects of them. First the public believes that the police should be visible patrolling on foot rather than in cars. When police patrol in cars, people tend to think that they are chasing after a reckless driver or attending an important call, which distances them from the ground public needs of solving small but pinching issues. The absence of police on foot was highly attributed to an increase in crime including Burglary, rape as well as drug use (Maria, 2004). In addition, Maria revealed that, the public believe the police are not accessible as they concentrate on big matters hence neglecting the basic needs of the public.

Another aspect that the public hold against the police is their attitude, discrimination and lack of integrity. From the study, many participants agreed that the police had a negative attitude that left a person frustrated or felt ill treated. The mode of communication and asking questions is selective not taking into account the victims details as expected. Thus, the public feels underserved and that the police are not doing their work. A significant group of respondents in Marias study also pointed out the tendency of discrimination by the police. Police were reportedly negligent of minority populations or immigrants call to crime while they also stressed on impromptu searches on this group (John, Deborah and Sarah, 2003). Besides, the police appear not to trust this group of people, which creates a bad impression. The younger generation seems to bear a general negative perception of the police. They believe that the police intimidate them and are unfriendly. In addition, various researches concludes that the police do not communicate effectively or liaison with the public in fighting crime. This makes the people to feel unsafe and insecure despite the presence of the police.

Misconduct in the police force is also an issue of concern for the public. The highly publicized police misconduct of a few officers by the media such as corruption, violence, involvement in crime and negligence of their duties make the public to mistrust the police. However, there are those who believe in the police for their safety and hold high respect for the police.

Michael (2008) is in defense of police negative perception. He supports police work but argues that the public is largely influenced by the media who concentrate on a few irresponsible police officers and fail to report the numerous good works that the police do every day. He observes that the conventional liberal media thinks that the work of police is not entertaining without being quandary. Beside, he blames politics in invading the work of the police by placing demonstrations against them and filing lawsuits for their own political and financial gain.

Research Questions
Main Question
For the purpose of this research, the study wanted to know What is the role of the Police Officer in terms of promoting the Public Safety programs in their community and its relation to building a favorable image
Sub questions
Specifically, the research wanted to know
What is the publics perception of the police duties and actions

What is the polices perception of their duties and actions

What is the relationship between the public and the police
What actions and duties do the police communicate to the public
On community orienting policing programs, armed and unarmed 

Methodology
Research Tradition
For the purpose of this research, the study will be employing both quantitative and qualitative research methods. It is often the case that quantitative research employs the method that is based on testing of theories.

It uses measurement of numbers, and statistical analysis to perform its studies. The idea behind quantitative research is often to ascertain that a generalized theory or the prediction of a theory will be confirmed by the use of numbers. The aforementioned normally starts with a research question or a hypothesis in addition to other theories that are needed to be tested. The approach of quantitative research includes the use of formal and generally recognized instruments (Obrien, 1998). In addition to this, the quantitative tradition of research focuses on conducting experiments with an underlying expectation that a consensus would be arrived at. This method usually aims to arrive at a predictable generalization, and a causal explanation. Quantitative research can create a controlled environment in order to attain inductive analysis. The goal of this research tradition is to establish a consensus by reducing data to numerical indications, hence finally identifying if certain generalizations are valid or invalid (Obrien, 1998). 

In this research method it is very relevant that the researcher must maintain its independence from the research object and consequently, the research outcome is expected to be not value affected (Obrien, 1998)  The quantitative methodology also tests cause and effect by using deductive logic. When done correctly a quantitative research should be able to predict, and explain the theory in question (Obrien, 1998).

On the other hand, the Qualitative research focuses primarily on words rather than numbers. The main research instrument for such a type of tradition is the process of involvement of the researcher to the people whom he or she studies (Dyamon  Holloway, 2002). In relation with this, the viewpoints of the participants are also taken into much account.  The Qualitative research tradition focuses on small-scale studies wherein deep explorations are being conducted in order to provide a detailed and holistic description and explanation of a specific subject matter.  Rather than focusing on a single or two isolated variables, the aforementioned takes into account interconnected activities, experiences, beliefs and values of people, hence adopting a multiple dimension for study. 

This tradition of research is also flexible in a sense that certain factors are being explored due to not necessarily adhering to a strict method of data gathering.  It also captures certain processes wherein changes in sequence of events, behaviors and transformation among cultures are closely taken into consideration.  More importantly, a qualitative research is normally carried out in venues that are within a respondents natural environment such as schools, offices, homes, etc.  This allowed participants to be more at ease and be able to express their ideas freely (Dyamon  Holloway, 2002).

Data Gathering
The data gathering will consist of secondary and primary data collections.
Ghauri, Gronhaug and Kristianslund emphasized the importance of secondary data collection most especially through desk or library research (1995). Secondary data collection normally includes data that were collected by another researcher or writer.  It is often the case that they are lifted from books of recent publications, journals, magazines, newspapers and even trusted websites such as those of private organizations, non-government organizations, government organizations and the likes.  The review of related literature will provide a scholarly perspective on the subject matter and at the same time made the researcher aware of both previous and contemporary research on the subject matter.  For the purpose of this research, the author will be using scholarly journals and articles, books and magazines specifically focusing on the subjects of public and police perception on implementation of public safety and the role of both police and public.  The scholarly literatures will be primarily taken from EBSCO Host, JSTOR and Question Media America, an exclusive on-line library.

For the primary data collection for quantitative data, the study will be conducting surveys among members of the public, police departments and general stakeholders using questions of ordinal measurement using Likert scales.    Surveys include the process of using questionnaires with the aim of making an estimation of the perceptions of the subjects of the study. Surveys are considered advantageous because it could be used to study a huge number of subjects (Ghauri, Gronhaug  Kristianslund, 1995).
 
Data Gathering Methods and their Justification
For the purpose of this research, the researcher will be using self-administered questionnaires. 
Self-administered questionnaires often times offer a higher response rate and are also relatively cost effective (Ghauri, Gronhaug  Kristianslund, 1995). Foremost of its advantage rests on the notion that the process of data gathering could be more personal and also the researcher will be able to clarify certain notions that could be unclear in the survey form. However, one distinct disadvantage of such a method is the difficulty of administrating the survey to multiple respondents all at the same time. In addition, the self-administered data gathering could be very time consuming as well.

The research will also be conducting an interview in order to collect the qualitative data necessary for the research.  Interviews are very relevant most specially in getting data that could be a rich source of information that surveys could not provide (Ghauri, Gronhaug  Kristianslund, 1995).  For the purpose of interviewing, various stakeholders from General public and police representatives will be asked with regard to their perceptions of their perception on each others actions and roles on police implementation of public safety.

Questionnaire Design
The questionnaire design for the survey will be made in a detailed, precise and logical construction of close-ended questions. In addition with this, the questions will also be made in accordance with the research question and the objectives of the research (Oppenheim, 1992).
The questions will be formulated using an ordinal scale and will be close-ended in nature. Such is relevant so that respondents would only have to encircle or check the designated number of their corresponding responses (Oppenhein, 1992). In addition to this, close-ended questions are very easy to answer and could enable the researcher create a summated value that could be use for data analysis.

The questions that will be used in the interview will be tailored in such a manner that would directly answer concerns that are in accordance of the objectives of the study. The details on how general public and police can work together in creating a positive perception towards implementation of public safety will be included in the survey.

Sampling
For the purpose of this research, the researcher will conduct a survey based on simple random sampling (SRS) which will include randomly choosing participants coming from general public, police department and other stakeholders. On the other hand, the research will be employing purposive sampling methods in terms of choosing the stakeholders involved who can participate in the study.

Target Population
According to Ghauri, Gronhaug and Kristianslund research should cater to a target population that has all the necessary information for the research such as sampling elements, sampling units, and area of coverage (1995). For the purpose of this study, the author is trying to identify the perception of general public on police and visa  vie on the action and role of police when implementing public safety. As such, the study will be asking 120 respondents to participate in the survey of which will primarily come from 60 members of the general public, 40 police representative and 20 relevant stakeholders.

Reliability and Validity
The studys reliability and validity go hand in hand as patterns of measurement are both dependent on the aforementioned (Zikmund, 1994). Reliability primarily focuses on the internal consistency and the repeatability of the variables within the research.

On the other hand, validity centers on the correctness and appropriateness of the question that one intends to measure (Ghauri, Gronhaug  Kristianslund, 1995). According to Chisnall, validity is generally considered and established through the relationship of the instrument to the content, criterion or construct that it attempts to measure. A lack of validity can lead to incorrect conclusion. In order to make sure that the instrument that will be used are reliable and valid, the researcher will assure that such is patterned based on the objectives of the study, the secondary data and also on the feedback that was given based on the pilot study that will be conducted.

Analysis of Data
Data information gathered from the surveys and interviews and secondary data from the other studies found will be used for the analysis that would answer the research question. Charts and comparisons of data will be used as analysis tools. Statistics used will be based on the survey results from the questionnaire made by the researcher. Statistical Products and Service Solutions (SPSS) will also be used to determine the stand of the respondents regarding a particular question formulated in the survey (Griego  Morgan, 2000).

The path to long-term economic development and prosperity can be achieved through governmental as well as private sector involvement  free market solutions. However, in most cases the former should not be allowed to significantly overshadow the latter, as was witnessed in the 20th century with the collapse of the Soviet Union and most other centrally-planned, Communist regimes--the notable exception being China. Group- and individual-oriented cultures often lead to different styles of organizational management and economic systems that can still achieve the same objective of national prosperity. Two solid examples to support these statements above can be found in Japan and the USA. Japanese culture is fundamentally a group-oriented entity, while American culture is distinctly individualistic in nature. Experience tends to indicate the former cultural variation is more susceptible to requiring government control than is the latter to succeed, as in the case of South Korea.

However, after emerging from the rubble of the Second World War, group-oriented Japan turned itself into the worlds second largest economy after the USA within 35 years, thus effectively competing with a much larger nation in terms of population and geographical size. This was achieved mainly via a well-balanced marriage of government-industry cooperation that is not generally practiced or appreciated in the individually-oriented USA

Another notable example can be found in the Peoples Republic of China, established in 1949. Chinas government today is a very workable blend of socialism and capitalism that in 2009 turned the country into the worlds second largest economy after the USA in terms of purchasing power parity. It is expected China will become the worlds largest economy around the year 2025, a fact that will provide the emerging superpower with significant economic and political clout worldwide (Central Intelligence Agency, 2010).

The biggest lesson to be learned from the above examples is that truly understanding the contemporary advantages and disadvantages of cultural variations and then using this knowledge effectively plays a critical role in the sustainable, economic development of any particular country. In the case of the USA, engaging the individualistic (and entrepreneurial) nature of Americans often renders very positive results on both economic and social levels. The issue at hand is which one of these is the primary goal

Social Enterprise
There is plenty of evidence to suggest that American corporations remain the most competitive in the world today, followed by those in Hong Kong and Singapore (IMD Business School, 2010). Despite outsourcing to nations such as India and the 2008 global economic disruption, US firms are still the most efficient in the world. Therefore, as the economic performance of American organizations is not in dispute, the issue turns to that of social enterprise and responsibility. While social enterprise is not a precise concept, the term is generally used to indicate firms that operate in the open while focusing on social issues, such as the American ice cream shop, Ben  Jerrysa small-business entity that has franchises worldwide.

Social entrepreneurs in America tend to have a challenge regarding financial sustainability. Although these business owners may have admirable directions, their institutions have trouble producing attractive, bottom-line results that can allow them to pursue their stated social agendas. There are two options in consideration today to alleviate this challenge (Schorr, 2006)

New social business models
Subsidies via ongoing funding sources
Research indicates preference of the former over the latter as the most pertinent course of action to take, as proposed by social entrepreneur, Jim Schorr, of Juma Enterprises in San Francisco, Californiaone of the leading nonprofit social enterprises in the United States (Schorr, 2006).

The author agrees with Schorr because subsidies of any type seem to have a tendency to falter long-term, and contemporary globalism demands more creative thinking than ever before (Nye, 2003). Therefore, developing new models to align with the business, economic, and social realities of today is paramount to success, regardless of the type of enterprise. Developing new social business models that can generate enough revenue to exceed direct and incremental costs is the goal, and the author believes this can be achieved with the assistance of world-class research universities such as Harvard (USA), Oxford (UK), or the University of Oslo (Norway). Organizations such as the Council of Americas Small Business Owners, also known as SCORE which is headquartered in Washington, DC, USA, provide other viable options.

Conclusion
Social enterprises have a unique position in todays economies. Disadvantaged youth and others who live in poverty around the world might not have the opportunities of others, but social enterprises can greatly assist in helping these peoples transcend their situations if the individuals concerned are willing to help themselves. National governments can assist as well, such as the US State Departments Agency for International Development. However, as the discussion above shows, such governmental help is best done in cooperation with social enterprises to develop new business models for sustainable growth.

Therefore, national governments around the worldespecially in the economically advanced countriesshould encourage social entrepreneurship to raise the standard of living of the worlds millions of poor people struggling to survive in highly miserable conditions. To fail in this task is certain to invite global discourse among the six billion people living on this planet one which is already suffering from climate change sped up by the output of its human inhabitants.

Q1. In a capitalist economic system like we are having in the modern society, the purpose of any enterprise is to maximize profits. This calls for minimization of production costs while maximizing production in a market guaranteed environment. However, labor unions have their principle duty of ensuring sustainable improvement of the working condition for its member. This implies that unions seek not only wage increments but also employment growth or sustainability. Therefore, the elasticity of demand for labor factors in influencing the bargaining power of a union (Katz. et al, 2008).

According to the principles of business management, an increase in wage rates increases the operational labor cost in the institution. This means that employees in the particular category will be using more of other inputs in the company. Still, with increased wages, the gross costs of production are bound to rise (Katz. et al, 2008). This demands for increases commodity prices, an element which results into reduced market andor production. Based on this reasoning, an employer will be forced to reduce the number of employees to match the companys wage capacity.

In a profit driven environment, higher labor cost share leads to increased wage elasticity of demand. This is however exceptional in businesses were substituting other factors of production to increased wages rather than increased product prices. This effect has two major implications in union bargaining power. First, unions can only realize large wages in an inelastic labor market. Secondly, unions will always act to reduce the wage elasticity demand of member services (Katz. et al, 2008). All these mean that the elasticity of demand for labor influences the bargaining power of a union.

Q2. Going on strike for wage increment is a basic right of employees in an organization. Nevertheless, the most fundamental consideration in executing a successful employee strikes is assessment of the companys profit potential to sustain wage increase. Increased wages tend to increase production costs, increase the market price of products and thus compromise product output (Katz. et al, 2008). However, the impact of such effects of wage increments can be effectively substituted by other factors of production.

If an employee strike does not increase the cost of other inputs such as raw materials and transport in the company, then the strike will be successful. Motivated employees have a higher production output, giving the company a competitive advantage. By increased productivity, the profit margins of the company are bound to hike thus compensating for the increased labor wage costs (Katz. et al, 2008).

Another factor is the market demand of the products. Production is tailored towards profits through marketing of products. Therefore, a companys customer base pool is quite crucial as it gives it a competitive advantage over others companies. With a guaranteed product market demand, wage increments are easily executed (Katz. et al, 2008). On the other hand, is the market competition is high, wage strikes might not be successful as it compromises the sustainability of the organization.

Also increased wages have the potential of increasing product prices. This means reduced market demand for products. Therefore, if a strike increases product prices, it leads to long run negative market effects on the products thus risking employment capability of the company (Katz. et al, 2008).  Lastly, companies with strong public reputation have a greater potential to successful strikes as employers will act in interests to protect their reputation.

The protection of key personalities has come along way. Today in the era of terrorism, among other equally deadly threats, there has emerged a need to actually improve on the security detail that ensures the protection of dignitaries of various calibers be it a presidential detail visiting another country or an international celebrity on a mission to a war torn country. This therefore poses a challenge to any chief of security as heshe will have to organize a detail that is worthy of such a task.
Barker in his book states that in spite of great advances in technology which have subsequently changed the whole landscape of international relations, states remain firm in their resolve to provide adequate security as the success of exchange within the international arena is still of fundamental importance to states (2006, p.1). It is this resolve that has necessitated the advancement of security details all over the world today. According to Barker, we cant simply resign ourselves to the threats as this will not mean and end to the threats but a total domination and control from such perpetrators (2006).
     
The following plan will therefore include some of the key components in an effort to provide a procedure of security to a client in need. It will therefore include a communication detail that acts as the overall component, a personal security detail mainly comprising of armed personnel whose one goal is the security of the client and thirdly, a transport team which is very vital to the plan as it provides a key element of transport to and from the area to be visited by the client.

Communications
Communication is a key part in our everyday lives and without it a lot of things could go wrong. Communication involves the exchange of information from one end to another and this information is used to make important decisions at that particular time. For this case, several communication strategies will be adopted. The first will involve general information about the mission. This will involve giving limited information to the media or other sources of information but it will depend on the client and what heshe intends to accomplish. This information should therefore be very general so as to leave the other end guessing but it should also contain an element of truth so as to maintain the integrity of the mission. This is important as it gives credibility to the mission and thus justifies why the client needs the security detail (Barker, 2009).
         
Secondly will be the actual communication between the chief of the mission and the actual detail on the ground. This is the most important part of the mission as it involves the relaying of vital information as to whether the progress of the mission is ok or it has been jeopardized. Regular check-ins between the command center and the field should be established and maintained.  In addition, regular communication between the personal detail and the transport detail is to be established and maintained. Therefore, a network of information flow between the command center, the personal detail, and transportation detail should be maintained at all times. This will ensure the correct reaction time in the event that an attack occurs and therefore facilitate the safe evacuation of all the clients before any harm occurs to them (Barker, 2006). 

Personal Security
The other aspect of this plan will involve personal security the actual people protecting the client. This detail therefore intends to go everywhere the client goes as they comb every corner and room looking for anything that seems out of place. It is therefore this detail that will ward off any form of attack as they wait for the other teams to coordinate and reach them within good time. This detail should be adequately trained and instructed on the possible outcomes of any particular mission. Training is done before the actual mission begins and involves the personnel being given information that includes the number of clients, the location the client is visiting, the type of threat that they will face and the kind of weaponry and other gadgets they will be provided with. All this information is geared towards the success of the mission and should therefore be as accurate as possible.
The plan will enable the protection detail to come up with several techniques of execution, thereby giving them an upper hand in the event of an attack. These technical details are therefore vital to the success of any mission (Barker, 2006).

Transport
The transport detail is the final element but of equal importance to the mission. Basically, this detail is responsible for the transportation of the client and the personal security detail to and from the mission successfully. Therefore, coordination with the other two details is paramount. This detail will be engaged in coming up with the various routes that will be used for the mission it will come up with the main route, and the subsequent auxiliary routes that will be available in the event of an attack. Part of this transport detail will involve the air transport and ground transport. Thus, with the help of the other teams, the transport detail will identify the various areas that are safe enough to ensure an easy exchange from the airplane to the vehicles. The area should be sufficiently covered from all angles but again should provide adequate cover should an attack occur. It should also be easily accessible from the area to be visited by the client. Accordingly, coordination with the other two details is very important as their opinions will matter when it comes to ground cover (Barker, 2006).
       
The three elements mentioned above are therefore vital to the success of any security mission be it internationally or locally. But most importantly is the coordination between the elements in question. Their coordination will determine the rate of success in any situation. Nevertheless, each team should be adequately trained to ensure that they can survive without one or both the elements. For example, each team should come up with a backup plan incase all the others fail. In this case, it will involve the cooperation of the government in question. Earlier, the importance of the flaw of information was emphasized. Hence, informing the government or the local authorities of the events that are to take place is also important. The disadvantage of giving this information to the local authorities or a government is the tendency of such information to leak to the wrong hands. As such, controlled information to the right organizations is vital as the whole mission may depend on it. 
               
In conclusion, the exchange between states is highly encouraged as it ensures the propagation of peace and other forms of cooperation. Unfortunately, in this era of advanced technologies, these interactions have constantly been targets of terrorist threats.

Consequently, there is need to ensure that the various dignitaries and or clients have adequate protection so as to ensure that their interactions are not disrupted. States therefore have ensured that protection for such individuals will be guaranteed. Such protection will therefore incorporate such elements as communication at various levels, an adequate and well equipped personal security personnel and a transport detail. All these details therefore have an obligation towards the security of the client and the success of the entire mission. This plan therefore can go along way into ensuring the safety of many clients and other personalities.