Political Science

The nineteenth century revolution was a period that was highly characterized by industrial transformations and radical changes among the human populations (Karl, 1989, p. 22). It was a period marked by significant changes in manufacturing, agriculture, transport, mining, and all these factors had profound influences on the cultural and socioeconomic conditions of people ranging from the United Kingdom and therefore spreading gradually and subsequently throughout North America, throughout Europe and eventually covering the entire world (Lenard, 1992, p. 74)

It is strongly believed that the onset of the revolution came with it marked turning points in human history almost in all major aspects of life (Shefali, 2000, p. 230). Despite the radical transformation occurring in human history during the nineteenth century, the period was too marked by elaborate events in history such as collapse of the Spanish, Chinese, Portuguese, Mughal and the Roman Empire (Bernard, 1999, p. 12).  These changes indeed paved way for growing and increased influence from German Empire, United States Empire and the British Empire which had great prominence, thus spurring great military riots and conflicts and consequently advancements in science and exploration (Christopher, 1991, p. 134).

 A period after the great Napoleonic wars, specific regions came out as been so strong than others and in this case the British Empire became one of the most world leading power, and took control over one quarter of the entire worlds population (Clyde  Ryals, p. 267). Thus taking control over one third of the land area. British dominance encouraged and enforced trade, the Pax Britannica, and even battled and challenged rampant piracy (Bertram, 1991, p. 65).

However, despite the many transformations which occurred across the world during this great period, historians have had hot contested debates in acknowledging and giving precedence to the changes which took place during this specific period (Joseph, 1989p. 234).  Unlike the French Revolution, the origins of the nineteenth century revolution in England can be said to be more complex as presented by history (Hovis, 1999, p. 71)).

However, the issues concerning the origins of this revolution still remains to be a subject of contested debates among historians pondering arguments based on the growth, developments and even end results of this kind of transformations (George, Smith, 1988, p. 23). A great social reformist known as Arnold Toynbee wrote in one of writings a book known as the The Lectures of Industrial Revolution in England, which fairly took a good stand to assess the nature of revolutionary industry in England (James, 1990, p. 124).

Just like any industrial revolution, the nineteenth century revolution in England left many questions in the minds of great historians such as was the rapid invention of machinery following the revolution in industry a matter of new machinery transformation or was it a kind of mechanical innovation (Paul, 1961, P. 23)  Was the new revolution in industry an offshoot of conscious and critical mental planning or did it just occur spontaneously( Michael, 2003, p. 345)Was industrial capitalism not just a clever system for harassing and exploiting labor from ignorant laborers for relatively cheaper prices designed by the capitalists to subjudicate the less privileged at the mighty hands of the privileged( Leaman, 2001, p. 44) How for heavens sake can we justify that young girls and boys did not work shoulder to shoulder for relatively long hours without mercy about their health (Joe  Nye, 2007, p. 22).How can we justify all this claims or make relevant confessions about them Was the industrial revolutionary accomplishment more or less kind of structural transformations and changes which favored the economic organization of the European and English societies Was this not the most necessary components which characterized the revolution In a broader outlook of the central arguments some historians unjustly disputes the major radical transformations which were spearheaded by the revolution (Moffit1975, p. 13).

However, others argue out that United States and the then continent, England, both witnessed massive changes and shifts from traditional forms of pre-modern agrarian societies to more advanced and radical industrial economy, which were achieved through basic capitalist practices, principles and methods (Clive, 1999, p. 9).

Over the nineteenth century, controversies between historians concerning various issues come out clearly as the centers of debate and interest (Donald, 1994, p. 189). For instance, what was the relevance and selection of evidences of the events that were put forward However, what were the major techniques of history used by then Was history not corrupted and distorted by the political ideologies and predispositions revolving around the world by then How valid was the validity of the different historical methods used (Merriam, 1979, p. 178). Historians have had long lasting debates regarding the extent and the rate of economic advancement and growth in England during the period of industrial revolution in the nineteenth century (Charles, 1976, p. 239).

The arguments in regard to these transformations of the nineteenth century revolution have taken four major stages characterized by complex debates and disagreements (Freeman, 1984, p. 345).

Significant evidence of the debates emerge in substantial areas such as the interpretation of the 1970s and 1980s industrial reforms which suggested and indicated rapid industrial economic growth emerging within the late eighteenth century and later in the nineteenth century based on data that was collected from various craftsmen relating to their wages as complied by Hopkins and Phelps - Brown during the 1950s and 960s (Jackson, 2008, p. 5).

Additionally, there has been a debate regarding the estimated growth rate which is believed that the existing data had been downsized by Deane and Cole (Herbert, 1989, p. 22), especially basing the arguments on the basics of alternative data generated by new research method into the gross domestic products and wages of laymen as well during the day (Laura, 1989, p. 111). During the mid- 1980s, it is believed that there was a second and further downward radical estimate of growth figures which is believed that it was geared towards undermining the  veracity and meaning of the term  industrial revolution Sue, 2003, p. 256). This issue was highly contested by different historians such as Berg and Hudson who argued that the phenomena regarding industrial revolution was an aspect of regional development and it was difficult to study and bring forth valid arguments based on statistics established and created by earlier historians (Samson , 2002, p. 90).

The range of different disagreements arising along this discourse is not only based on facts regarding the validity of statistical figures that were used to represent data, but it is because of the new inventions in research and inquiry which supersede the previous methods and redefine the issues more and more (Susan, 2004,p 34). Disagreements and debates arising from this concept the nineteenth century revolutions have therefore been termed as overtly ideological in nature (Kelvin, 1985, p. 14). They have been for long periods of time articulated as conscious segments of reasoning and more so thinly perceived as political ideological disagreements presented as manifestations of both relevant and irrelevant ideological predispositions (Reiko, 1998, p. 78.)