India
Every country has visions, in India the political parties leaders play a major role by coming up with the vision and goals for the country, in policy making. The process of policy making is in different levels.
The cabinet has the responsibilities of making the policies.
The President and Prime Minister
Judicially- comprising of the Supreme Court. Headed by chief justice.
The legislature.
b. What is the policy making structure
The supreme legislature is the parliament with the president and two houses The house of the people and council of states. The president has powers over the houses .There are procedures to be followed before any policy decision is made. The guideline sections which have government policy making and constructional bill of rights and behavior and conduct of citizens are Directive Principles of State Policy, the fundamental rights, and fundamental duties (Abha, 2002).
The directive principle, the state uses these principles to make laws. Directive principles are classified under this category Gandhi, an economic and socialistic, political and administrative, environmental, justice and illegal, protection of monuments and peace and security.
The fundamental duty is for the citizens moral responsibility to promote patriotism spirit and India unity. They are not enforced legally. The directive principle of state guides government law framing and passing.
The fundamental rights are citizens basic human rights despite race, caste, gender, religion, place of birth or creed.
c. What categories of actors are involved
Career professionals bureaucracies in India
Indian administrative service (IAS) is the Indian government administrative civil service. It plays a big role in the union and state government, together with Indian police service and Indian forest service.
Unique identification authority of India being a government agent is responsible for multipurpose national identifies card or unique identification card (UID card). The chairman of the authority holds a rank in cabinet.
Monetary policies control supply, use, and cost of money in the government for economic growth and stability .It is an expansionary and contractionary policy. Institutions called central bank executes monetary policy and executive independently. These institutions are bank of England, reserve bank of India, Federal Reserve systems etc.
Indian institute of technologies (IITS) are of national importance, they were declared by parliament and institute of higher education, the 15 autonomous premier engineering and technology. They where formed to develop workforce in India and train scientists and engineers.
Citizens contribute to the policy making after viewing there grievances to their elected members who present then to the cabinet for further review. A nation can not be called a nation without the citizens being involved in policy making since this affects them directly. This also paves way to democracy. A democratic executive should be stable, responsible and impartial to caste, community and all religion. (Sen. 2007)
The core national interest of India, on a comparative analysis of national interests.
Foreign policies.
India is worlds most popular electoral democracy, and very fast in the economic growth. What gives India a more prominent voice is its growing international influence. India collaborates with several countries and funds international organization like United Nations, Asian development bank, G20 industrial nations, East Asia summit, word trade, etc there concept is of widening concentric circles, of historical and cultural commonalities. The foreign policy is for the effort of developing the economy, strengthening social and well being of the people, as well as protects the sovereignty of India.
Civil military relationship.
Military are in support of politicians elected the minister for defense plays a big role of leadership in the military politically. Thou in military affairs, political control and interference are not clear. Civil military relationship is of the importance because the politicians, the military an even the citizens, need trust among each other for smooth running of the government.
Knowledge economy and education policies.
India is trying to build a knowledge society. There are two political entities European Union (EU) and India are heading towards building knowledge economy (KE) through there policies. There are differences between India and EU in their education policies but their intention is common, to promote knowledge economy through education policies.
Indigenous Health and socio economic status
Health inequality and socioeconomic status is of great importance to be considered. Important Indigenous groups experience high mortality than non- indigenous. With good socioeconomic status, indigenous group health improves. Hence, despite the indignity, socioeconomic status is important.
Religion, identity and Indian politics.
Emphasis is on not allowing religion to be mixed with politics and the caste as this leads to divisions into smaller groups and it can be very dangerous to the interest of the country. With democracy it would be impossible, if religion and castes is the determining factor and this approach is unfair and not right by all laws. Secularism and socialism to be in the constitution was a major step in dealing with this problem. In politics religion and identity has been the talk all along. They seem to be comfortable with all this diversities leading to more laws, commissions, and councils hence more government and less governance. It seems to be not working as intended. (Hari, 2002).
Empowering women in India.
Some arguments support that gender is a western concept but not Indian. Women in India have also had the pleasure of being honoured and getting respect. Being one of the very first countries to give right of voting to women. The constitution guarantees equal rights for both women and men and this makes it one of the most progressive in the world.
But findings and media documentation in India speak otherwise, only half of the women in India are literate compared to 65 of the literate men considering that men are more in India than women. The work of the women is undervalued and unrecognized and more pressure is put on them to deliver. Few women own property and get a share of the property and they face a lot of violence everywhere with the increasing number of rape.
The government and the non governmental organizations are affirming policies and programs to achieve the required results. But it is the women responsibility to make a step and take a stand and be at the frontline to campaigning for changes themselves.
Globalization in India.
India with the big population has been on the go with globalization which has affected widely the economic progression of India. The growth of IT and (BPO) services in India has been widely affected by globalization. Many skilled professionals from India have been given jobs by both India and international companies in countries as the Europe and America. India has a lot of well educated people making the labor cheaper and is utilizing global communication technologies like (VOIP), internet and email making the international to lower their costs, by getting their workers from India.
There was a wide gap in India between the rich and the poor, but with globalization, middle class has developed due to the IT and BPO industries coming into the country. Because of the opportunities now available in India, more international countries have extended their operations in India. The companies which have ventured in India, globalization has been of great advantage to them because they have expanded their operations, workforce hence less investment. Their clients are increasing with large companies entering the market, thus increasing opportunities. Indian companies now have even more confidence and make a great contribution to globalization. (Abha, 2002)
Globalization and poverty,
Due to progress in trade and investment in India, a lot has been done in reducing poverty but despite the achievements poverty is still one of the greatest challenges India face together with the other developing countries. To reduce poverty, India has focuses also on more small businesses, entrepreneurship technologies, average enterprises and new prospects in rural areas.
Indias Exports and imports
This is a major player in the international industries especially with agricultural exports. With continuous growth in agricultural exports, more farmers are encouraged to produce more crops and this strikes a balance with industrialization and the growing technologies in the country.
Earlier in India the economy had gone down and to make it one of the fastest growing economies in the world, some changes had to be made, through liberation, privatization and globalization (LPG). For there to be competition in the economy, some reformation in trade, industrial and socio sectors had to be initiated. This changes brought about an effect on the economies overall growth in India. A time came When people were not interested in investing in India, something had to be done and the first step taken to globalize India was devaluation of the Indian currency, disinvestment by selling many public sectors to the private sectors, foreign direct investment was allowed in many sectors like in insurance, NRI getting the facilities which the foreign investors had.
The good thing about globalization is with wide range of investors and expansion of companies, there is a very wide range of products to choose from and many options come with better quality and cheaper products and services. As investors are flowing into the developing countries from developed countries, there is an advantage of economic reconstruction.
India is a place of many cultures which are so different from the other countries and so cultural barriers is obviously an issue. With globalization, a lot of information between different countries tends to flow faster and this can help to overcome cultural barriers.
Ecological
Due to growth in industrialization, free trade in India increases due to globalization, environmental pollution becomes obvious. The developing countries including India have to improve their standards of living. Challenges faced by international cooperation about global environmental climate change also get to face the developing countries.
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